fips/src/upper/tun.rs

//! FIPS TUN Interface
//!
//! Manages the TUN device for sending and receiving IPv6 packets.
//! The TUN interface presents FIPS addresses to the local system,
//! allowing standard socket applications to communicate over the mesh.

use crate::{FipsAddress, TunConfig};
use std::fs::File;
use std::io::Read;
#[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
use std::io::Write;
use std::net::Ipv6Addr;
use std::os::unix::io::{AsRawFd, FromRawFd};
use std::sync::mpsc;
use thiserror::Error;
use tracing::{debug, error, trace};
use tun::Layer;

/// Channel sender for packets to be written to TUN.
pub type TunTx = mpsc::Sender<Vec<u8>>;

/// Channel sender for outbound packets from TUN reader to Node.
pub type TunOutboundTx = tokio::sync::mpsc::Sender<Vec<u8>>;
/// Channel receiver for outbound packets (consumed by Node's RX loop).
pub type TunOutboundRx = tokio::sync::mpsc::Receiver<Vec<u8>>;

/// Errors that can occur with TUN operations.
#[derive(Debug, Error)]
pub enum TunError {
    #[error("failed to create TUN device: {0}")]
    Create(#[from] tun::Error),

    #[error("failed to configure TUN device: {0}")]
    Configure(String),

    #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
    #[error("netlink error: {0}")]
    Netlink(#[from] rtnetlink::Error),

    #[error("interface not found: {0}")]
    InterfaceNotFound(String),

    #[error("permission denied: {0}")]
    PermissionDenied(String),

    #[error("IPv6 is disabled (set net.ipv6.conf.all.disable_ipv6=0)")]
    Ipv6Disabled,
}

/// TUN device state.
#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
pub enum TunState {
    /// TUN is disabled in configuration.
    Disabled,
    /// TUN is configured but not yet created.
    Configured,
    /// TUN device is active and ready.
    Active,
    /// TUN device failed to initialize.
    Failed,
}

impl std::fmt::Display for TunState {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        match self {
            TunState::Disabled => write!(f, "disabled"),
            TunState::Configured => write!(f, "configured"),
            TunState::Active => write!(f, "active"),
            TunState::Failed => write!(f, "failed"),
        }
    }
}

/// FIPS TUN device wrapper.
pub struct TunDevice {
    device: tun::Device,
    name: String,
    mtu: u16,
    address: FipsAddress,
}

impl TunDevice {
    /// Create or open a TUN device.
    ///
    /// If the interface already exists, opens it and reconfigures it.
    /// Otherwise, creates a new TUN device.
    ///
    /// This requires CAP_NET_ADMIN capability (run with sudo or setcap).
    pub async fn create(config: &TunConfig, address: FipsAddress) -> Result<Self, TunError> {
        // Check if IPv6 is enabled
        if platform::is_ipv6_disabled() {
            return Err(TunError::Ipv6Disabled);
        }

        let name = config.name();
        let mtu = config.mtu();

        // Delete existing interface if present (TUN devices are exclusive)
        if platform::interface_exists(name).await {
            debug!(name, "Deleting existing TUN interface");
            if let Err(e) = platform::delete_interface(name).await {
                debug!(name, error = %e, "Failed to delete existing interface");
            }
        }

        // Create the TUN device
        let mut tun_config = tun::Configuration::default();

        // On macOS, utun devices get kernel-assigned names (utun0, utun1, ...),
        // so we skip setting the name and read it back after creation.
        #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
        #[allow(deprecated)]
        tun_config.name(name).layer(Layer::L3).mtu(mtu);

        #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
        {
            #[allow(deprecated)]
            tun_config.layer(Layer::L3).mtu(mtu);
        }

        let device = tun::create(&tun_config)?;

        // Read the actual device name (on macOS this is the kernel-assigned utun* name)
        let actual_name = {
            use tun::AbstractDevice;
            device.tun_name().map_err(|e| TunError::Configure(format!("failed to get device name: {}", e)))?
        };

        // Configure address and bring up via platform-specific method
        platform::configure_interface(&actual_name, address.to_ipv6(), mtu).await?;

        Ok(Self {
            device,
            name: actual_name,
            mtu,
            address,
        })
    }

    /// Get the device name.
    pub fn name(&self) -> &str {
        &self.name
    }

    /// Get the configured MTU.
    pub fn mtu(&self) -> u16 {
        self.mtu
    }

    /// Get the FIPS address assigned to this device.
    pub fn address(&self) -> &FipsAddress {
        &self.address
    }

    /// Get a reference to the underlying tun::Device.
    pub fn device(&self) -> &tun::Device {
        &self.device
    }

    /// Get a mutable reference to the underlying tun::Device.
    pub fn device_mut(&mut self) -> &mut tun::Device {
        &mut self.device
    }

    /// Read a packet from the TUN device.
    ///
    /// Returns the number of bytes read into the buffer, or an `io::Error`.
    /// The buffer should be at least MTU + header size (typically 1500+ bytes).
    ///
    /// The tun crate's `Read` impl transparently strips the macOS utun
    /// packet information header, so this returns a raw IP packet on all
    /// platforms.
    ///
    /// The raw `io::Error` is returned so callers can inspect `ErrorKind`
    /// (e.g. `WouldBlock`) or `raw_os_error()` without string matching.
    pub fn read_packet(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> Result<usize, std::io::Error> {
        self.device.read(buf)
    }

    /// Shutdown and delete the TUN device.
    ///
    /// This deletes the interface entirely.
    pub async fn shutdown(&self) -> Result<(), TunError> {
        debug!(name = %self.name, "Deleting TUN device");
        platform::delete_interface(&self.name).await
    }

    /// Create a TunWriter for this device.
    ///
    /// This duplicates the underlying file descriptor so that reads and writes
    /// can happen independently on separate threads. Returns the writer and
    /// a channel sender for submitting packets to be written.
    ///
    /// The max_mss parameter is used for TCP MSS clamping on inbound packets.
    pub fn create_writer(&self, max_mss: u16) -> Result<(TunWriter, TunTx), TunError> {
        let fd = self.device.as_raw_fd();

        // Duplicate the file descriptor for writing
        let write_fd = unsafe { libc::dup(fd) };
        if write_fd < 0 {
            return Err(TunError::Configure(format!(
                "failed to dup fd: {}",
                std::io::Error::last_os_error()
            )));
        }

        let write_file = unsafe { File::from_raw_fd(write_fd) };
        let (tx, rx) = mpsc::channel();

        Ok((
            TunWriter {
                file: write_file,
                rx,
                name: self.name.clone(),
                max_mss,
            },
            tx,
        ))
    }
}

/// Writer thread for TUN device.
///
/// Services a queue of outbound packets and writes them to the TUN device.
/// Multiple producers can send packets via the TunTx channel.
///
/// Also performs TCP MSS clamping on inbound SYN-ACK packets.
pub struct TunWriter {
    file: File,
    rx: mpsc::Receiver<Vec<u8>>,
    name: String,
    max_mss: u16,
}

impl TunWriter {
    /// Run the writer loop.
    ///
    /// Blocks forever, reading packets from the channel and writing them
    /// to the TUN device. Returns when the channel is closed (all senders dropped).
    #[cfg_attr(target_os = "macos", allow(unused_mut))]
    pub fn run(mut self) {
        use super::tcp_mss::clamp_tcp_mss;

        debug!(name = %self.name, max_mss = self.max_mss, "TUN writer starting");

        for mut packet in self.rx {
            // Clamp TCP MSS on inbound SYN-ACK packets
            if clamp_tcp_mss(&mut packet, self.max_mss) {
                trace!(
                    name = %self.name,
                    max_mss = self.max_mss,
                    "Clamped TCP MSS in inbound SYN-ACK packet"
                );
            }

            // On macOS, utun devices require a 4-byte packet information header
            // prepended to each packet. The tun crate handles this for its own
            // Read/Write impl, but we use a dup'd fd directly. We use writev
            // to avoid allocating a buffer on every packet.
            #[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
            let write_result = {
                use std::os::unix::io::AsRawFd;
                const AF_INET6_HEADER: [u8; 4] = [0, 0, 0, 30];
                let iov = [
                    libc::iovec {
                        iov_base: AF_INET6_HEADER.as_ptr() as *mut libc::c_void,
                        iov_len: 4,
                    },
                    libc::iovec {
                        iov_base: packet.as_ptr() as *mut libc::c_void,
                        iov_len: packet.len(),
                    },
                ];
                let ret = unsafe { libc::writev(self.file.as_raw_fd(), iov.as_ptr(), 2) };
                if ret < 0 {
                    Err(std::io::Error::last_os_error())
                } else {
                    let expected = 4 + packet.len();
                    if (ret as usize) < expected {
                        Err(std::io::Error::new(
                            std::io::ErrorKind::WriteZero,
                            format!("short writev: {} of {} bytes", ret, expected),
                        ))
                    } else {
                        Ok(())
                    }
                }
            };
            #[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
            let write_result = self.file.write_all(&packet);

            if let Err(e) = write_result {
                // "Bad address" is expected during shutdown when interface is deleted
                let err_str = e.to_string();
                if err_str.contains("Bad address") {
                    break;
                }
                error!(name = %self.name, error = %e, "TUN write error");
            } else {
                trace!(name = %self.name, len = packet.len(), "TUN packet written");
            }
        }
    }
}

/// TUN packet reader loop (Linux).
///
/// Reads IPv6 packets from the TUN device. Packets destined for FIPS addresses
/// (fd::/8) are forwarded to the Node via the outbound channel for session
/// encapsulation and routing. Non-FIPS packets receive ICMPv6 Destination
/// Unreachable responses.
///
/// Also performs TCP MSS clamping on SYN packets to prevent oversized segments.
///
/// This is designed to run in a dedicated thread since TUN reads are blocking.
/// The loop exits when the TUN interface is deleted (EFAULT) or an unrecoverable
/// error occurs.
#[cfg(not(target_os = "macos"))]
pub fn run_tun_reader(
    mut device: TunDevice,
    mtu: u16,
    our_addr: FipsAddress,
    tun_tx: TunTx,
    outbound_tx: TunOutboundTx,
    transport_mtu: u16,
) {
    let (name, mut buf, max_mss) = tun_reader_setup(&device, mtu, transport_mtu);

    loop {
        match device.read_packet(&mut buf) {
            Ok(n) if n > 0 => {
                if !handle_tun_packet(&mut buf[..n], max_mss, &name, our_addr, &tun_tx, &outbound_tx) {
                    break;
                }
            }
            Ok(_) => {}
            Err(e) => {
                // EFAULT ("Bad address") is expected during shutdown when the interface is deleted
                if e.raw_os_error() != Some(libc::EFAULT) {
                    error!(name = %name, error = %e, "TUN read error");
                }
                break;
            }
        }
    }
}

/// RAII wrapper that closes a raw fd on drop.
///
/// Used to ensure the shutdown pipe read-end is always closed when
/// `run_tun_reader` returns, regardless of which exit path is taken.
#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
struct ShutdownFd(std::os::unix::io::RawFd);

#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
impl Drop for ShutdownFd {
    fn drop(&mut self) {
        unsafe { libc::close(self.0); }
    }
}

/// TUN packet reader loop (macOS).
///
/// Uses `select()` to multiplex between the TUN fd and a shutdown pipe,
/// avoiding the need to close the TUN fd externally (which would cause a
/// double-close when `TunDevice` drops).
#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
pub fn run_tun_reader(
    mut device: TunDevice,
    mtu: u16,
    our_addr: FipsAddress,
    tun_tx: TunTx,
    outbound_tx: TunOutboundTx,
    transport_mtu: u16,
    shutdown_fd: std::os::unix::io::RawFd,
) {
    let _shutdown_fd = ShutdownFd(shutdown_fd);
    let tun_fd = device.device().as_raw_fd();
    let (name, mut buf, max_mss) = tun_reader_setup(&device, mtu, transport_mtu);

    // Set TUN fd to non-blocking so we can use select + read without blocking
    // past the point where select returns readable.
    unsafe {
        let flags = libc::fcntl(tun_fd, libc::F_GETFL);
        if flags >= 0 {
            libc::fcntl(tun_fd, libc::F_SETFL, flags | libc::O_NONBLOCK);
        }
    }

    let nfds = tun_fd.max(shutdown_fd) + 1;

    loop {
        // Wait for either TUN data or shutdown signal
        unsafe {
            let mut read_fds: libc::fd_set = std::mem::zeroed();
            libc::FD_ZERO(&mut read_fds);
            libc::FD_SET(tun_fd, &mut read_fds);
            libc::FD_SET(shutdown_fd, &mut read_fds);

            let ret = libc::select(nfds, &mut read_fds, std::ptr::null_mut(), std::ptr::null_mut(), std::ptr::null_mut());
            if ret < 0 {
                let err = std::io::Error::last_os_error();
                if err.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::Interrupted {
                    continue;
                }
                error!(name = %name, error = %err, "TUN select error");
                break;
            }

            // Shutdown signal received
            if libc::FD_ISSET(shutdown_fd, &read_fds) {
                debug!(name = %name, "TUN reader received shutdown signal");
                break;
            }
        }

        // TUN fd is readable — drain all available packets
        loop {
            match device.read_packet(&mut buf) {
                Ok(n) if n > 0 => {
                    if !handle_tun_packet(&mut buf[..n], max_mss, &name, our_addr, &tun_tx, &outbound_tx) {
                        return; // _shutdown_fd closes on drop
                    }
                }
                Ok(_) => break, // No more data
                Err(e) => {
                    if e.kind() == std::io::ErrorKind::WouldBlock {
                        break; // Done for this select round
                    }
                    // EBADF is expected during shutdown when the fd is closed
                    if e.raw_os_error() != Some(libc::EBADF) {
                        error!(name = %name, error = %e, "TUN read error");
                    }
                    return; // _shutdown_fd closes on drop
                }
            }
        }
    }
    // _shutdown_fd closes on drop
}

/// Common setup for TUN reader: extracts name, allocates buffer, computes max MSS.
fn tun_reader_setup(device: &TunDevice, mtu: u16, transport_mtu: u16) -> (String, Vec<u8>, u16) {
    use super::icmp::effective_ipv6_mtu;

    let name = device.name().to_string();
    let buf = vec![0u8; mtu as usize + 100];

    const IPV6_HEADER: u16 = 40;
    const TCP_HEADER: u16 = 20;
    let effective_mtu = effective_ipv6_mtu(transport_mtu);
    let max_mss = effective_mtu
        .saturating_sub(IPV6_HEADER)
        .saturating_sub(TCP_HEADER);

    debug!(
        name = %name,
        tun_mtu = mtu,
        transport_mtu = transport_mtu,
        effective_mtu = effective_mtu,
        max_mss = max_mss,
        "TUN reader starting"
    );

    (name, buf, max_mss)
}

/// Process a single TUN packet. Returns `false` if the reader should exit.
fn handle_tun_packet(
    packet: &mut [u8],
    max_mss: u16,
    name: &str,
    our_addr: FipsAddress,
    tun_tx: &TunTx,
    outbound_tx: &TunOutboundTx,
) -> bool {
    use super::icmp::{build_dest_unreachable, should_send_icmp_error, DestUnreachableCode};
    use super::tcp_mss::clamp_tcp_mss;

    log_ipv6_packet(packet);

    // Must be a valid IPv6 packet
    if packet.len() < 40 || packet[0] >> 4 != 6 {
        return true;
    }

    // Check if destination is a FIPS address (fd::/8 prefix)
    if packet[24] == crate::identity::FIPS_ADDRESS_PREFIX {
        if clamp_tcp_mss(packet, max_mss) {
            trace!(name = %name, max_mss = max_mss, "Clamped TCP MSS in SYN packet");
        }
        if outbound_tx.blocking_send(packet.to_vec()).is_err() {
            return false; // Channel closed, shutdown
        }
    } else {
        // Non-FIPS destination: send ICMPv6 Destination Unreachable
        if should_send_icmp_error(packet)
            && let Some(response) = build_dest_unreachable(
                packet,
                DestUnreachableCode::NoRoute,
                our_addr.to_ipv6(),
            )
        {
            trace!(name = %name, len = response.len(), "Sending ICMPv6 Destination Unreachable (non-FIPS destination)");
            if tun_tx.send(response).is_err() {
                return false;
            }
        }
    }
    true
}

/// Log basic information about an IPv6 packet at TRACE level.
pub fn log_ipv6_packet(packet: &[u8]) {
    if packet.len() < 40 {
        debug!(len = packet.len(), "Received undersized packet");
        return;
    }

    let version = packet[0] >> 4;
    if version != 6 {
        debug!(version, len = packet.len(), "Received non-IPv6 packet");
        return;
    }

    let payload_len = u16::from_be_bytes([packet[4], packet[5]]);
    let next_header = packet[6];
    let hop_limit = packet[7];

    let src = Ipv6Addr::from(<[u8; 16]>::try_from(&packet[8..24]).unwrap());
    let dst = Ipv6Addr::from(<[u8; 16]>::try_from(&packet[24..40]).unwrap());

    let protocol = match next_header {
        6 => "TCP",
        17 => "UDP",
        58 => "ICMPv6",
        _ => "other",
    };

    trace!("TUN packet received:");
    trace!("      src: {}", src);
    trace!("      dst: {}", dst);
    trace!(" protocol: {} ({})", protocol, next_header);
    trace!("  payload: {} bytes, hop_limit: {}", payload_len, hop_limit);
}

/// Shutdown and delete a TUN interface by name.
///
/// This deletes the interface, which will cause any blocking reads
/// to return an error. Use this for graceful shutdown when the TUN device
/// has been moved to another thread.
pub async fn shutdown_tun_interface(name: &str) -> Result<(), TunError> {
    debug!("Shutting down TUN interface {}", name);
    platform::delete_interface(name).await?;
    debug!("TUN interface {} stopped", name);
    Ok(())
}

impl std::fmt::Debug for TunDevice {
    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
        f.debug_struct("TunDevice")
            .field("name", &self.name)
            .field("mtu", &self.mtu)
            .field("address", &self.address)
            .finish()
    }
}

// =============================================================================
// Platform-specific TUN configuration
// =============================================================================

#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
mod platform {
    use super::TunError;
    use futures::TryStreamExt;
    use rtnetlink::{new_connection, Handle, LinkUnspec, RouteMessageBuilder};
    use std::net::Ipv6Addr;
    use tracing::debug;

    /// Check if IPv6 is disabled system-wide.
    pub fn is_ipv6_disabled() -> bool {
        std::fs::read_to_string("/proc/sys/net/ipv6/conf/all/disable_ipv6")
            .map(|s| s.trim() == "1")
            .unwrap_or(false)
    }

    /// Check if a network interface already exists.
    pub async fn interface_exists(name: &str) -> bool {
        let Ok((connection, handle, _)) = new_connection() else {
            return false;
        };
        tokio::spawn(connection);

        get_interface_index(&handle, name).await.is_ok()
    }

    /// Delete a network interface by name.
    pub async fn delete_interface(name: &str) -> Result<(), TunError> {
        let (connection, handle, _) = new_connection()
            .map_err(|e| TunError::Configure(format!("netlink connection failed: {}", e)))?;
        tokio::spawn(connection);

        let index = get_interface_index(&handle, name).await?;
        handle.link().del(index).execute().await?;
        Ok(())
    }

    /// Configure a network interface with an IPv6 address via netlink.
    pub async fn configure_interface(name: &str, addr: Ipv6Addr, mtu: u16) -> Result<(), TunError> {
        let (connection, handle, _) = new_connection()
            .map_err(|e| TunError::Configure(format!("netlink connection failed: {}", e)))?;
        tokio::spawn(connection);

        // Get interface index
        let index = get_interface_index(&handle, name).await?;

        // Add IPv6 address with /128 prefix (point-to-point)
        handle
            .address()
            .add(index, std::net::IpAddr::V6(addr), 128)
            .execute()
            .await?;

        // Set MTU
        handle
            .link()
            .change(LinkUnspec::new_with_index(index).mtu(mtu as u32).build())
            .execute()
            .await?;

        // Bring interface up
        handle
            .link()
            .change(LinkUnspec::new_with_index(index).up().build())
            .execute()
            .await?;

        // Add route for fd00::/8 (FIPS address space) via this interface
        let fd_prefix: Ipv6Addr = "fd00::".parse().unwrap();
        let route = RouteMessageBuilder::<Ipv6Addr>::new()
            .destination_prefix(fd_prefix, 8)
            .output_interface(index)
            .build();
        handle
            .route()
            .add(route)
            .execute()
            .await
            .map_err(|e| TunError::Configure(format!("failed to add fd00::/8 route: {}", e)))?;

        // Add ip6 rule to ensure fd00::/8 uses the main table, preventing other
        // routing software (e.g. Tailscale) from intercepting FIPS traffic via
        // catch-all rules in auxiliary routing tables.
        let mut rule_req = handle.rule().add().v6().destination_prefix(fd_prefix, 8).table_id(254).priority(5265);
        rule_req.message_mut().header.action = 1.into(); // FR_ACT_TO_TBL
        if let Err(e) = rule_req.execute().await {
            debug!("ip6 rule for fd00::/8 not added (may already exist): {e}");
        }

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Get the interface index by name.
    async fn get_interface_index(handle: &Handle, name: &str) -> Result<u32, TunError> {
        let mut links = handle.link().get().match_name(name.to_string()).execute();

        if let Some(link) = links.try_next().await? {
            Ok(link.header.index)
        } else {
            Err(TunError::InterfaceNotFound(name.to_string()))
        }
    }
}

#[cfg(target_os = "macos")]
mod platform {
    use super::TunError;
    use std::net::Ipv6Addr;
    use tokio::process::Command;

    /// Check if IPv6 is disabled system-wide.
    pub fn is_ipv6_disabled() -> bool {
        // macOS: check via sysctl; if the key doesn't exist, IPv6 is enabled
        std::process::Command::new("sysctl")
            .args(["-n", "net.inet6.ip6.disabled"])
            .output()
            .map(|o| String::from_utf8_lossy(&o.stdout).trim() == "1")
            .unwrap_or(false)
    }

    /// Check if a network interface already exists.
    pub async fn interface_exists(name: &str) -> bool {
        Command::new("ifconfig")
            .arg(name)
            .stdout(std::process::Stdio::null())
            .stderr(std::process::Stdio::null())
            .status()
            .await
            .map(|s| s.success())
            .unwrap_or(false)
    }

    /// Shut down a network interface by name.
    ///
    /// On macOS, utun devices are automatically destroyed when the file
    /// descriptor is closed. Bringing the interface down causes any
    /// blocking reads to return an error, which unblocks the reader thread.
    pub async fn delete_interface(name: &str) -> Result<(), TunError> {
        run_cmd("ifconfig", &[name, "down"]).await
    }

    /// Configure a network interface with an IPv6 address using ifconfig/route.
    pub async fn configure_interface(name: &str, addr: Ipv6Addr, mtu: u16) -> Result<(), TunError> {
        // Add IPv6 address with /128 prefix
        run_cmd("ifconfig", &[name, "inet6", &addr.to_string(), "prefixlen", "128"]).await?;

        // Set MTU
        run_cmd("ifconfig", &[name, "mtu", &mtu.to_string()]).await?;

        // Bring interface up
        run_cmd("ifconfig", &[name, "up"]).await?;

        // Add route for fd00::/8 (FIPS address space) via this interface
        run_cmd("route", &["add", "-inet6", "-prefixlen", "8", "fd00::", "-interface", name]).await?;

        Ok(())
    }

    /// Run a command and return an error if it fails.
    async fn run_cmd(program: &str, args: &[&str]) -> Result<(), TunError> {
        let output = Command::new(program)
            .args(args)
            .output()
            .await
            .map_err(|e| TunError::Configure(format!("{} failed: {}", program, e)))?;

        if !output.status.success() {
            let stderr = String::from_utf8_lossy(&output.stderr);
            return Err(TunError::Configure(format!(
                "{} {} failed: {}",
                program,
                args.join(" "),
                stderr.trim()
            )));
        }
        Ok(())
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod tests {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_tun_state_display() {
        assert_eq!(format!("{}", TunState::Disabled), "disabled");
        assert_eq!(format!("{}", TunState::Active), "active");
    }

    // Note: TUN device creation tests require elevated privileges
    // and are better suited for integration tests.
}