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/**
* LLM-based steganography — JavaScript port of stego.py.
*
* Half-splitting entropy coding on top of GPT-2's next-token distribution.
* Both encoder and decoder run the same JS code with the same PRNG seed,
* so they stay synchronized regardless of cross-language PRNG differences.
*/
import { Tensor } from "https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/@huggingface/transformers@3.0.0";
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// PRNG — mulberry32 (deterministic given seed)
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
export function mulberry32(seed) {
let a = seed >>> 0;
return function random() {
a = (a + 0x6D2B79F5) >>> 0;
let t = Math.imul(a ^ (a >>> 15), 1 | a);
t = (t + Math.imul(t ^ (t >>> 7), 61 | t)) ^ t;
return ((t ^ (t >>> 14)) >>> 0) / 4294967296;
};
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Bit <-> string conversion (UTF-8)
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
export function strToBits(s) {
const data = new TextEncoder().encode(s);
const bits = [];
for (const byte of data) {
for (let i = 7; i >= 0; i--) {
bits.push((byte >> i) & 1);
}
}
return bits;
}
export function bitsToStr(bits) {
// Pad to a multiple of 8 (should already be).
const padded = bits.slice();
while (padded.length % 8 !== 0) padded.push(0);
const bytes = new Uint8Array(Math.floor(padded.length / 8));
for (let i = 0; i < padded.length; i += 8) {
let byte = 0;
for (let j = 0; j < 8; j++) {
byte = (byte << 1) | padded[i + j];
}
bytes[i / 8] = byte;
}
return new TextDecoder("utf-8", { fatal: false }).decode(bytes);
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Softmax over a TypedArray / Array of logits (numerically stable)
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
function softmax(logits) {
let max = -Infinity;
for (let i = 0; i < logits.length; i++) {
if (logits[i] > max) max = logits[i];
}
const probs = new Float32Array(logits.length);
let sum = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < logits.length; i++) {
const e = Math.exp(logits[i] - max);
probs[i] = e;
sum += e;
}
if (sum <= 0) sum = 1;
for (let i = 0; i < logits.length; i++) {
probs[i] /= sum;
}
return probs;
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Next-token probability distribution from the model.
// Returns a Float32Array of length vocab_size.
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
async function nextTokenProbs(model, tokenizer, tokenIds) {
// Build the model inputs directly from the token-id array. We must NOT
// pass the id array through tokenizer(): in Transformers.js v3 the
// tokenizer call expects a string and will fail with
// "e.split is not a function" when given numbers. Instead we construct
// int64 tensors ourselves and feed them straight to the model.
const seqLength = tokenIds.length;
const idData = BigInt64Array.from(tokenIds, (x) => BigInt(x));
const maskData = BigInt64Array.from({ length: seqLength }, () => 1n);
const inputs = {
input_ids: new Tensor("int64", idData, [1, seqLength]),
attention_mask: new Tensor("int64", maskData, [1, seqLength]),
};
const output = await model(inputs);
const logits = output.logits;
// logits.dims = [batch, seq_len, vocab_size]
const dims = logits.dims;
const seqLen = dims[1];
const vocabSize = dims[2];
const data = logits.data;
// Extract the last token's logits: row = (batch=0, last token, :)
const offset = (seqLen - 1) * vocabSize;
const lastLogits = new Float32Array(vocabSize);
for (let i = 0; i < vocabSize; i++) {
lastLogits[i] = data[offset + i];
}
return softmax(lastLogits);
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Split the sorted vocabulary into two halves at cumulative prob 0.50.
// Returns { firstIds, firstProbs, secondIds, secondProbs }.
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
export function splitHalves(probs) {
const vocabSize = probs.length;
// Build an index array covering EVERY token id [0 .. vocabSize-1] and
// sort it by probability descending. Sorting indices (rather than
// dropping any) guarantees that all token ids are retained and that the
// two slices below form a complete, disjoint partition of the vocabulary.
// Ties are broken by ascending token id so the ordering is fully
// deterministic — important under int8 quantization where many logits can
// be exactly equal (an unstable sort could otherwise diverge between the
// encoder and decoder passes).
const sortedIds = new Array(vocabSize);
for (let i = 0; i < vocabSize; i++) sortedIds[i] = i;
sortedIds.sort((a, b) => {
const diff = probs[b] - probs[a];
if (diff !== 0) return diff;
return a - b; // stable tie-break by token id
});
// Find the split point: the first index at which the cumulative
// probability mass reaches/exceeds 0.50. Everything up to and including
// that token forms the first half; the remainder forms the second half.
let cum = 0.0;
let splitIdx = vocabSize; // default: all mass in first half (edge case)
for (let i = 0; i < vocabSize; i++) {
cum += probs[sortedIds[i]];
if (cum >= 0.50) {
splitIdx = i + 1; // include this token in the first half
break;
}
}
// Clamp so BOTH halves are guaranteed non-empty. The split index must be
// at least 1 (first half non-empty) and at most vocabSize-1 (second half
// non-empty). This handles degenerate distributions where a single token
// already holds >= 0.50 of the mass, or where the mass never reaches 0.50.
if (splitIdx < 1) splitIdx = 1;
if (splitIdx > vocabSize - 1) splitIdx = vocabSize - 1;
// slice(0, splitIdx) + slice(splitIdx) ALWAYS covers the entire sorted
// array, so every token id appears in exactly one half — none missing,
// none duplicated. Ids are plain Numbers (0..vocabSize-1).
const firstIds = sortedIds.slice(0, splitIdx);
const secondIds = sortedIds.slice(splitIdx);
const firstProbs = firstIds.map(id => probs[id]);
const secondProbs = secondIds.map(id => probs[id]);
return { firstIds, firstProbs, secondIds, secondProbs };
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Sample a token id from the given half using renormalized probabilities.
// Advances the PRNG exactly once (one call to rng()).
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
export function sampleWithinHalf(ids, probs, rng) {
let total = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < probs.length; i++) total += probs[i];
if (total <= 0) total = 1;
const r = rng();
let cum = 0.0;
let chosen = ids[ids.length - 1];
for (let i = 0; i < ids.length; i++) {
cum += probs[i] / total;
if (r < cum) {
chosen = ids[i];
break;
}
}
return chosen;
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Encoder
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
export async function encode(model, tokenizer, secretMessage, context, key, padTokens = 3, onToken = null) {
const rng = mulberry32(key >>> 0);
const bits = strToBits(secretMessage);
const numBits = bits.length;
const totalBits = numBits;
const totalChars = secretMessage.length;
// Tokenize the context. Transformers.js tokenizer() returns an object
// with input_ids; we extract the raw id array.
const tokenIds = tokenizeToIds(tokenizer, context);
for (let bitIndex = 0; bitIndex < bits.length; bitIndex++) {
const bit = bits[bitIndex];
const probs = await nextTokenProbs(model, tokenizer, tokenIds);
const { firstIds, firstProbs, secondIds, secondProbs } = splitHalves(probs);
let chosen;
if (bit === 0) {
chosen = sampleWithinHalf(firstIds, firstProbs, rng);
} else {
chosen = sampleWithinHalf(secondIds, secondProbs, rng);
}
tokenIds.push(chosen);
// Stream the partial cover text back to the caller and yield to the
// browser so the UI can repaint between (slow) forward passes.
if (onToken) {
const textSoFar = tokenizer.decode(tokenIds, { skip_special_tokens: true });
const charIndex = Math.floor(bitIndex / 8) + 1;
const currentChar = secretMessage[charIndex - 1] ?? "";
onToken(textSoFar, bitIndex + 1, totalBits, currentChar, charIndex, totalChars);
}
await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
}
// Padding tokens: sample from the full distribution using the same PRNG.
for (let p = 0; p < padTokens; p++) {
const probs = await nextTokenProbs(model, tokenizer, tokenIds);
// Sort descending.
const pairs = [];
for (let i = 0; i < probs.length; i++) pairs.push([probs[i], i]);
pairs.sort((a, b) => b[0] - a[0]);
const sp = pairs.map(x => x[0]);
const si = pairs.map(x => x[1]);
let total = 0;
for (let i = 0; i < sp.length; i++) total += sp[i];
if (total <= 0) total = 1;
const r = rng();
let cum = 0.0;
let chosen = si[0];
for (let i = 0; i < si.length; i++) {
cum += sp[i] / total;
if (r < cum) {
chosen = si[i];
break;
}
}
tokenIds.push(chosen);
}
const coverText = tokenizer.decode(tokenIds, { skip_special_tokens: true });
return { coverText, numBits, tokenCount: tokenIds.length };
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Decoder
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
export async function decode(model, tokenizer, coverText, context, key, numBits, padTokens = 3, onProgress = null) {
const rng = mulberry32(key >>> 0);
const totalBits = numBits;
const contextIds = tokenizeToIds(tokenizer, context);
const coverIds = tokenizeToIds(tokenizer, coverText);
// Generated tokens are everything after the context prefix.
const genIds = coverIds.slice(contextIds.length);
const tokenIds = contextIds.slice();
const bits = [];
for (const genToken of genIds) {
if (bits.length >= numBits) break;
const probs = await nextTokenProbs(model, tokenizer, tokenIds);
const { firstIds, firstProbs, secondIds, secondProbs } = splitHalves(probs);
// splitHalves yields plain Number ids and partitions the entire
// vocabulary, so a normalized (Number) genToken is guaranteed to be in
// exactly one half. tokenizeToIds normalizes ids to Number, but coerce
// defensively here too in case a BigInt slips through.
const token = typeof genToken === "bigint" ? Number(genToken) : genToken;
const firstSet = new Set(firstIds);
const secondSet = new Set(secondIds);
let recoveredBit;
if (firstSet.has(token)) {
recoveredBit = 0;
bits.push(0);
// Advance PRNG identically to the encoder.
sampleWithinHalf(firstIds, firstProbs, rng);
} else if (secondSet.has(token)) {
recoveredBit = 1;
bits.push(1);
sampleWithinHalf(secondIds, secondProbs, rng);
} else {
throw new Error(`Generated token ${token} not found in either half.`);
}
tokenIds.push(token);
// Report progress and yield so the UI can repaint between passes.
if (onProgress) {
const currentToken = tokenizer.decode([token], { skip_special_tokens: true });
const completedBytes = Math.floor(bits.length / 8);
const recoveredChars = bitsToStr(bits.slice(0, completedBytes * 8));
onProgress(
bits.length,
totalBits,
recoveredChars,
currentToken,
recoveredBit,
);
}
await new Promise(resolve => setTimeout(resolve, 0));
}
return bitsToStr(bits.slice(0, numBits));
}
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
// Helper: tokenize a string to a plain array of token ids.
// Handles the various shapes Transformers.js may return.
// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
function tokenizeToIds(tokenizer, text) {
const inputs = tokenizer(text, { add_special_tokens: false });
let ids;
if (inputs && inputs.input_ids) {
ids = inputs.input_ids;
} else if (Array.isArray(inputs)) {
ids = inputs;
} else {
ids = inputs;
}
// ids may be a Tensor or a nested array like [[1,2,3]].
let arr;
if (ids && typeof ids.data !== "undefined" && ids.dims) {
arr = Array.from(ids.data);
} else if (Array.isArray(ids)) {
// Flatten one level if nested: [[...]] -> [...]
arr = (ids.length > 0 && Array.isArray(ids[0])) ? ids[0].slice() : ids.slice();
} else {
// Fallback: try to iterate.
arr = Array.from(ids);
}
// CRITICAL: token tensors are int64, so ids.data is a BigInt64Array and
// Array.from() yields BigInts (e.g. 351n). splitHalves produces plain
// Number ids, and `new Set([...Numbers]).has(351n)` is false — which is
// exactly what caused "Generated token 351 not found in either half".
// Normalize every id to a plain Number so membership checks line up.
return arr.map(v => (typeof v === "bigint" ? Number(v) : Number(v)));
}

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{
"VERSION": "v0.7.56",
"VERSION_NUMBER": "0.7.56",
"BUILD_DATE": "2026-06-27T12:17:42.524Z"
"VERSION": "v0.7.61",
"VERSION_NUMBER": "0.7.61",
"BUILD_DATE": "2026-06-29T00:27:13.001Z"
}

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