update lock file

fix(wallet): return 425 when refund is pending, not 404

Makefile

@@ -98,7 +98,7 @@ docker-down:
 lint:
 	@echo "🔍 Running linting checks..."
 	$(RUFF) check .
-	$(MYPY) routstr/ --ignore-missing-imports
+	$(MYPY) .
 
 format:
 	@echo "✨ Formatting code..."
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ format:
 
 type-check:
 	@echo "🔎 Running type checks..."
-	$(MYPY) routstr/ --ignore-missing-imports
+	$(MYPY) .
 
 # Development setup
 dev-setup:
@@ -234,7 +234,7 @@ ci-test:
 ci-lint:
 	@echo "🤖 Running CI linting..."
 	$(RUFF) check . --exit-non-zero-on-fix
-	$(MYPY) routstr/ --ignore-missing-imports --no-error-summary
+	$(MYPY) . --no-error-summary
 
 # Debug helpers
 test-debug:

docs/api/errors.md

@@ -113,42 +113,109 @@ All errors follow a consistent JSON structure:
 **Status:** 402  
 **Resolution:** Top up API key balance
 
-#### Invalid Token
+### Cashu Token Redemption Errors
+
+These errors are returned when a Cashu token you pay with cannot be redeemed.
+They apply to every endpoint that accepts a token:
+
+- **Per-request payment** via the `X-Cashu` header (chat completions + Responses API).
+- **API key top-up** via `POST /v1/wallet/topup`.
+- **Minting an API key** from a token sent in `Authorization: Bearer <cashu-token>`.
+
+All three share one classifier, so the same failure yields the same HTTP status
+and sanitized message everywhere. Structured error envelopes (`X-Cashu` and
+`Authorization: Bearer <cashu-token>`) also expose the same `type` and `code` —
+branch on `type` (or `code` for finer granularity). `POST /v1/wallet/topup`
+keeps its existing plain-string `detail` envelope, so branch on status there.
+
+| `type` | Status | `code` | Retryable | Meaning |
+|--------|--------|--------|-----------|---------|
+| `token_already_spent` | 400 | `cashu_token_already_spent` | No | The token was already redeemed. |
+| `invalid_token` | 400 | `invalid_cashu_token` | No | The token is malformed or cannot be decoded. |
+| `mint_error` | 422 | `cashu_token_swap_fees_exceed_amount` | No | Token value is too small to cover the mint's swap/melt fees. |
+| `mint_error` | 422 | `cashu_foreign_mint_swap_failed` | No | Swapping the token from a foreign mint to the primary mint failed. |
+| `mint_unreachable` | 503 | `cashu_mint_unreachable` | **Yes** | The mint could not be reached (DNS failure, refused/reset connection, timeout). The token is fine — retry once the mint recovers. |
+| `cashu_error` | 400 | `cashu_token_redemption_failed` | No | The token could not be redeemed for another expected reason. |
+| `cashu_error` | 400 | `cashu_token_zero_value` | No | The token redeemed to zero (empty/dust token, or value fully consumed by fees). |
+| `token_consumed` | 500 | `cashu_token_consumed` | No | The token was **spent** (melted/redeemed) but crediting it then failed. Do not retry — the token is gone; contact support to reconcile. |
+| `api_error` | 500 | `internal_error` | Maybe | Unexpected server-side fault during redemption. |
+
+!!! important "Retry only `mint_unreachable`"
+    Only `mint_unreachable` (503) means the same token will work again later —
+    everything else is a permanent property of the token and must not be
+    blindly retried. Use exponential backoff for the 503. In particular, a
+    `token_consumed` 500 means the mint already spent the token, so a retry
+    would fail as `token_already_spent`.
+
+#### Mint Unreachable (retryable)
 
 ```json
 {
   "error": {
-    "type": "payment_error",
-    "message": "Invalid Cashu token",
-    "code": "invalid_token",
-    "details": {
-      "reason": "Token already spent"
-    }
+    "type": "mint_unreachable",
+    "message": "Cashu mint is unreachable",
+    "code": "cashu_mint_unreachable"
   }
 }
 ```
 
-**Status:** 400  
-**Resolution:** Use a valid, unspent token
+**Status:** 503
 
-#### Mint Unavailable
+**Resolution:** The token is valid — the mint is temporarily down. Retry with
+backoff, or pay with a token from a different mint.
+
+#### Token Already Spent
 
 ```json
 {
   "error": {
-    "type": "payment_error",
-    "message": "Cannot connect to Cashu mint",
-    "code": "mint_unavailable",
-    "details": {
-      "mint_url": "https://mint.example.com",
-      "retry_after": 60
-    }
+    "type": "token_already_spent",
+    "message": "Cashu token already spent",
+    "code": "cashu_token_already_spent"
   }
 }
 ```
 
-**Status:** 503  
-**Resolution:** Try again later or use different mint
+**Status:** 400
+
+**Resolution:** Use a fresh, unspent token. Do not retry with the same token.
+
+#### Response envelope differs by endpoint
+
+The `error` object above is identical everywhere, but the surrounding envelope
+depends on how you paid:
+
+- **`X-Cashu` header payments** (chat + Responses API) return the object at the
+  top level, alongside a `request_id`:
+
+  ```json
+  {
+    "error": { "type": "mint_unreachable", "message": "Cashu mint is unreachable", "code": "cashu_mint_unreachable" },
+    "request_id": "req-abc123"
+  }
+  ```
+
+  The original token is echoed back in the `X-Cashu` **response header only when
+  it is still spendable** (e.g. `mint_unreachable`, `invalid_cashu_token`, fee
+  errors) so you can recover/retry it. It is **not** echoed for spent/consumed
+  tokens (`cashu_token_already_spent`, `cashu_token_consumed`,
+  `cashu_token_zero_value`, `internal_error`) — retrying those can never succeed.
+
+- **`Authorization: Bearer <cashu-token>`** (API key minting) wraps it in
+  FastAPI's `detail` field:
+
+  ```json
+  { "detail": { "error": { "type": "mint_unreachable", "message": "Cashu mint is unreachable", "code": "cashu_mint_unreachable" } } }
+  ```
+
+- **`POST /v1/wallet/topup`** returns a plain string message under `detail` —
+  it carries the shared HTTP **status** and **message** (e.g. `503` for an
+  unreachable mint) but not the structured `type`/`code`, so branch on the
+  status code here:
+
+  ```json
+  { "detail": "Cashu mint is unreachable" }
+  ```
 
 ### Validation Errors
 
@@ -347,7 +414,7 @@ class ErrorHandler:
         'rate_limit',
         'upstream_timeout',
         'model_overloaded',
-        'mint_unavailable'
+        'cashu_mint_unreachable'
     }
     
     # Errors requiring user action

docs/api/overview.md

@@ -155,7 +155,7 @@ The response includes your change in the same header:
 X-Cashu: cashuA7k2mNp4...
 ```
 
-This is fully stateless—no session, no `/v1/balance/refund` call needed. However, **streaming does not work with `X-Cashu`** because the refund can only be calculated after the full response is generated.
+This is fully stateless—no session, no `/v1/balance/refund` call needed. However, **streaming does not work with `X-Cashu`** because the refund can only be calculated after the full response is generated. If you lose the `X-Cashu` response header before claiming your change, you can reclaim the refund via `POST /v1/wallet/refund` by supplying the original payment token in the `x-cashu` header.
 
 ## Response Headers
 

migrations/versions/a2b3c4d5e6f7_add_constraints_to_lightning_invoices.py

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+"""Add balance_limit, balance_limit_reset, validity_date to lightning_invoices
+
+Revision ID: a2b3c4d5e6f7
+Revises: f1a2b3c4d5e6
+Create Date: 2026-06-03 00:00:00.000000
+"""
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from alembic import op
+
+revision = "a2b3c4d5e6f7"
+down_revision = "f1a2b3c4d5e6"
+branch_labels = None
+depends_on = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    op.add_column("lightning_invoices", sa.Column("balance_limit", sa.Integer(), nullable=True))
+    op.add_column("lightning_invoices", sa.Column("balance_limit_reset", sa.String(), nullable=True))
+    op.add_column("lightning_invoices", sa.Column("validity_date", sa.Integer(), nullable=True))
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    op.drop_column("lightning_invoices", "validity_date")
+    op.drop_column("lightning_invoices", "balance_limit_reset")
+    op.drop_column("lightning_invoices", "balance_limit")

migrations/versions/b5e7c9d1f3a2_add_reserved_at_to_api_keys.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""add reserved_at to api_keys
+
+Revision ID: b5e7c9d1f3a2
+Revises: a2b3c4d5e6f7
+Create Date: 2026-06-12 00:00:00.000000
+"""
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from alembic import op
+
+# revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
+revision = "b5e7c9d1f3a2"
+down_revision = "a2b3c4d5e6f7"
+branch_labels = None
+depends_on = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    # existing keys keep NULL
+    # New reservations populate it via pay_for_request.
+    op.add_column("api_keys", sa.Column("reserved_at", sa.Integer(), nullable=True))
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    op.drop_column("api_keys", "reserved_at")

migrations/versions/c6d7e8f9a0b1_add_slug_to_upstream_providers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+"""add slug to upstream_providers
+
+Revision ID: c6d7e8f9a0b1
+Revises: b5e7c9d1f3a2
+Create Date: 2026-06-29 00:00:00.000000
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from alembic import op
+
+from routstr.core.provider_slugs import provider_slug_base, provider_slug_candidate
+
+revision = "c6d7e8f9a0b1"
+down_revision = "b5e7c9d1f3a2"
+branch_labels = None
+depends_on = None
+
+
+def _allocate_backfill_slug(provider_type: str, reserved_slugs: set[str]) -> str:
+    base = provider_slug_base(provider_type)
+    suffix_number = 1
+    while True:
+        candidate = provider_slug_candidate(base, suffix_number)
+        if candidate not in reserved_slugs:
+            reserved_slugs.add(candidate)
+            return candidate
+        suffix_number += 1
+
+
+def _backfill_provider_slugs(conn: sa.Connection) -> None:
+    existing_rows = conn.execute(
+        sa.text(
+            "SELECT slug FROM upstream_providers "
+            "WHERE slug IS NOT NULL AND slug != ''"
+        )
+    )
+    reserved_slugs = {str(row.slug).lower() for row in existing_rows}
+
+    rows_to_backfill = conn.execute(
+        sa.text(
+            "SELECT id, provider_type FROM upstream_providers "
+            "WHERE slug IS NULL OR slug = '' "
+            "ORDER BY id"
+        )
+    )
+    for row in rows_to_backfill:
+        slug = _allocate_backfill_slug(str(row.provider_type), reserved_slugs)
+        conn.execute(
+            sa.text("UPDATE upstream_providers SET slug = :slug WHERE id = :id"),
+            {"slug": slug, "id": row.id},
+        )
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    conn = op.get_bind()
+    inspector = sa.inspect(conn)
+    columns = {c["name"] for c in inspector.get_columns("upstream_providers")}
+
+    if "slug" not in columns:
+        op.add_column(
+            "upstream_providers",
+            sa.Column("slug", sa.String(), nullable=True),
+        )
+
+    _backfill_provider_slugs(conn)
+
+    existing_indexes = {idx["name"] for idx in inspector.get_indexes("upstream_providers")}
+    if "ix_upstream_providers_slug" not in existing_indexes:
+        op.create_index(
+            "ix_upstream_providers_slug",
+            "upstream_providers",
+            ["slug"],
+            unique=True,
+        )
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    conn = op.get_bind()
+    inspector = sa.inspect(conn)
+    existing_indexes = {idx["name"] for idx in inspector.get_indexes("upstream_providers")}
+    if "ix_upstream_providers_slug" in existing_indexes:
+        op.drop_index("ix_upstream_providers_slug", table_name="upstream_providers")
+
+    columns = {c["name"] for c in inspector.get_columns("upstream_providers")}
+    if "slug" in columns:
+        op.drop_column("upstream_providers", "slug")

migrations/versions/f1a2b3c4d5e6_add_created_at_to_api_keys.py

@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+"""add created_at to api_keys
+
+Revision ID: f1a2b3c4d5e6
+Revises: cli_tokens_001
+Create Date: 2026-06-01 00:00:00.000000
+"""
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+from alembic import op
+
+# revision identifiers, used by Alembic.
+revision = "f1a2b3c4d5e6"
+down_revision = "cli_tokens_001"
+branch_labels = None
+depends_on = None
+
+
+def upgrade() -> None:
+    # Nullable on purpose: existing keys keep NULL (unknown creation time) and
+    # sort last; new keys get populated by the model's default_factory.
+    op.add_column("api_keys", sa.Column("created_at", sa.Integer(), nullable=True))
+
+
+def downgrade() -> None:
+    op.drop_column("api_keys", "created_at")

pyproject.toml

@@ -1,6 +1,6 @@
 [project]
 name = "routstr"
-version = "0.4.3"
+version = "0.4.4"
 description = "Payment proxy for your LLM endpoint using cashu and nostr."
 readme = "README.md"
 requires-python = ">=3.11"

routstr/auth.py

@@ -20,7 +20,11 @@ from .payment.cost_calculation import (
     MaxCostData,
     calculate_cost,
 )
-from .wallet import credit_balance, deserialize_token_from_string
+from .wallet import (
+    classify_redemption_error,
+    credit_balance,
+    deserialize_token_from_string,
+)
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 payments_logger = get_logger("routstr.payments")
@@ -78,6 +82,37 @@ async def check_and_reset_limit(key: ApiKey, session: AsyncSession) -> bool:
     return False
 
 
+def redemption_error_to_http_exception(error: Exception) -> HTTPException:
+    """Map a Cashu token redemption failure to a sanitized client-facing error.
+
+    Thin wrapper over the shared :func:`classify_redemption_error` so the bearer
+    path stays identical to the X-Cashu and top-up paths.
+    """
+    classified = classify_redemption_error(error)
+    if classified is None:
+        return HTTPException(
+            status_code=500,
+            detail={
+                "error": {
+                    "message": "Internal error during token redemption",
+                    "type": "api_error",
+                    "code": "internal_error",
+                }
+            },
+        )
+    error_type, status_code, message, error_code = classified
+    return HTTPException(
+        status_code=status_code,
+        detail={
+            "error": {
+                "message": message,
+                "type": error_type,
+                "code": error_code,
+            }
+        },
+    )
+
+
 async def validate_bearer_key(
     bearer_key: str,
     session: AsyncSession,
@@ -216,7 +251,17 @@ async def validate_bearer_key(
 
         try:
             hashed_key = hashlib.sha256(bearer_key.encode()).hexdigest()
-            token_obj = deserialize_token_from_string(bearer_key)
+            try:
+                token_obj = deserialize_token_from_string(bearer_key)
+            except Exception as decode_error:
+                # A malformed token is a bad token (400 invalid_cashu_token via
+                # the shared taxonomy), not an auth failure (401) — otherwise it
+                # would fall through to the generic "Invalid API key" handler.
+                raise redemption_error_to_http_exception(
+                    ValueError(
+                        f"Invalid Cashu token: could not decode token ({decode_error})"
+                    )
+                ) from decode_error
             logger.debug(
                 "Generated token hash", extra={"hash_preview": hashed_key[:16] + "..."}
             )
@@ -334,14 +379,32 @@ async def validate_bearer_key(
                         "error_type": type(credit_error).__name__,
                     },
                 )
-                raise credit_error
+                await session.rollback()
+                raise redemption_error_to_http_exception(credit_error) from credit_error
 
             if msats <= 0:
                 logger.error(
                     "Token redemption returned zero or negative amount",
                     extra={"msats": msats, "key_hash": hashed_key[:8] + "..."},
                 )
-                raise Exception("Token redemption failed")
+                # Defense-in-depth: credit_balance already raises
+                # ValueError("Redeemed token amount must be positive…") before
+                # returning (wallet.py), so this branch is only reachable if a
+                # zero/negative row was somehow persisted; drop it so we never
+                # leave an orphan zero-balance key. Reuse the shared taxonomy
+                # (cashu_error) so the envelope matches the mapper above.
+                await session.delete(new_key)
+                await session.commit()
+                raise HTTPException(
+                    status_code=400,
+                    detail={
+                        "error": {
+                            "message": "Failed to redeem Cashu token: token yielded no value",
+                            "type": "cashu_error",
+                            "code": "cashu_token_zero_value",
+                        }
+                    },
+                )
 
             await session.refresh(new_key)
             await session.commit()
@@ -359,6 +422,7 @@ async def validate_bearer_key(
         except HTTPException:
             raise
         except Exception as e:
+            await session.rollback()
             logger.error(
                 "Cashu token redemption failed",
                 extra={
@@ -373,7 +437,7 @@ async def validate_bearer_key(
                 status_code=401,
                 detail={
                     "error": {
-                        "message": f"Invalid or expired Cashu key: {str(e)}",
+                        "message": "Invalid or expired Cashu key",
                         "type": "invalid_request_error",
                         "code": "invalid_api_key",
                     }
@@ -529,31 +593,19 @@ async def pay_for_request(
     )
 
     # Charge the base cost for the request atomically to avoid race conditions
+    reserved_at_now = int(time.time())
     stmt = (
         update(ApiKey)
         .where(col(ApiKey.hashed_key) == billing_key.hashed_key)
         .where(col(ApiKey.balance) - col(ApiKey.reserved_balance) >= cost_per_request)
         .values(
             reserved_balance=col(ApiKey.reserved_balance) + cost_per_request,
+            reserved_at=reserved_at_now,
             total_requests=col(ApiKey.total_requests) + 1,
         )
     )
     result = await session.exec(stmt)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
 
-    # Also increment total_requests and reserved_balance on the child key if it's different
-    if billing_key.hashed_key != key.hashed_key:
-        child_stmt = (
-            update(ApiKey)
-            .where(col(ApiKey.hashed_key) == key.hashed_key)
-            .values(
-                total_requests=col(ApiKey.total_requests) + 1,
-                reserved_balance=col(ApiKey.reserved_balance) + cost_per_request,
-            )
-        )
-        await session.exec(child_stmt)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
-
-    await session.commit()
-
     if result.rowcount == 0:
         logger.error(
             "Concurrent request depleted balance",
@@ -565,7 +617,6 @@ async def pay_for_request(
             },
         )
 
-        # Another concurrent request spent the balance first
         raise HTTPException(
             status_code=402,
             detail={
@@ -577,6 +628,44 @@ async def pay_for_request(
             },
         )
 
+    # Also increment total_requests and reserved_balance on the child key if it's different.
+    # The balance_limit guard is enforced atomically here — the Python pre-check above
+    # is a fast-path rejection only and provides no concurrency guarantee.
+    if billing_key.hashed_key != key.hashed_key:
+        child_stmt = (
+            update(ApiKey)
+            .where(col(ApiKey.hashed_key) == key.hashed_key)
+            .where(
+                (col(ApiKey.balance_limit).is_(None))
+                | (
+                    col(ApiKey.total_spent)
+                    + col(ApiKey.reserved_balance)
+                    + cost_per_request
+                    <= col(ApiKey.balance_limit)
+                )
+            )
+            .values(
+                total_requests=col(ApiKey.total_requests) + 1,
+                reserved_balance=col(ApiKey.reserved_balance) + cost_per_request,
+                reserved_at=reserved_at_now,
+            )
+        )
+        child_result = await session.exec(child_stmt)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+
+        if child_result.rowcount == 0:
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=402,
+                detail={
+                    "error": {
+                        "message": f"Balance limit exceeded: {key.balance_limit} mSats limit. {key.total_spent} already spent ({key.reserved_balance} reserved), {cost_per_request} required for this request.",
+                        "type": "insufficient_quota",
+                        "code": "balance_limit_exceeded",
+                    }
+                },
+            )
+
+    await session.commit()
+
     await session.refresh(billing_key)
     if billing_key.hashed_key != key.hashed_key:
         await session.refresh(key)
@@ -615,12 +704,19 @@ async def revert_pay_for_request(
     False if the reservation was already released (prevents negative reserved_balance)."""
     billing_key = await get_billing_key(key, session)
 
+    # Keep reserved_at while other reservations remain
+    cleared_reserved_at = case(
+        (col(ApiKey.reserved_balance) - cost_per_request > 0, col(ApiKey.reserved_at)),
+        else_=None,
+    )
+
     stmt = (
         update(ApiKey)
         .where(col(ApiKey.hashed_key) == billing_key.hashed_key)
         .where(col(ApiKey.reserved_balance) >= cost_per_request)
         .values(
             reserved_balance=col(ApiKey.reserved_balance) - cost_per_request,
+            reserved_at=cleared_reserved_at,
             total_requests=col(ApiKey.total_requests) - 1,
         )
     )
@@ -636,6 +732,7 @@ async def revert_pay_for_request(
             .values(
                 total_requests=col(ApiKey.total_requests) - 1,
                 reserved_balance=col(ApiKey.reserved_balance) - cost_per_request,
+                reserved_at=cleared_reserved_at,
             )
         )
         await session.exec(child_stmt)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
@@ -670,12 +767,18 @@ async def revert_pay_for_request(
 
 
 async def adjust_payment_for_tokens(
-    key: ApiKey, response_data: dict, session: AsyncSession, deducted_max_cost: int
+    key: ApiKey,
+    response_data: dict,
+    session: AsyncSession,
+    deducted_max_cost: int,
 ) -> dict:
     """
     Adjusts the payment based on token usage in the response.
     This is called after the initial payment and the upstream request is complete.
     Returns cost data to be included in the response.
+
+    The response's usage object is normalized with the default union parser in
+    ``calculate_cost``.
     """
     billing_key = await get_billing_key(key, session)
     model = response_data.get("model", "unknown")
@@ -758,7 +861,7 @@ async def adjust_payment_for_tokens(
                     extra={"error": str(e), "fee_msats": fee_msats},
                 )
 
-    match await calculate_cost(response_data, deducted_max_cost, session):
+    match await calculate_cost(response_data, deducted_max_cost):
         case MaxCostData() as cost:
             logger.debug(
                 "Using max cost data (no token adjustment)",
@@ -976,32 +1079,37 @@ async def adjust_payment_for_tokens(
             # actual cost exceeded discounted reservation (due to tolerance_percentage)
             if cost_difference > 0:
                 # Always release the reservation and charge min(actual_cost, balance).
-                # Using a CASE expression makes this a single atomic UPDATE — no
-                # multi-level fallback needed and balance can never go negative.
+                # CASE expressions keep this atomic and safe even when the
+                # stale-reservation sweeper has already released the reservation.
                 chargeable = case(
                     (col(ApiKey.balance) >= total_cost_msats, total_cost_msats),
                     else_=col(ApiKey.balance),
                 )
+                overrun_safe_reserved = case(
+                    (
+                        col(ApiKey.reserved_balance) >= deducted_max_cost,
+                        col(ApiKey.reserved_balance) - deducted_max_cost,
+                    ),
+                    else_=0,
+                )
 
                 finalize_stmt = (
                     update(ApiKey)
                     .where(col(ApiKey.hashed_key) == billing_key.hashed_key)
-                    .where(col(ApiKey.reserved_balance) >= deducted_max_cost)
                     .values(
-                        reserved_balance=col(ApiKey.reserved_balance) - deducted_max_cost,
+                        reserved_balance=overrun_safe_reserved,
                         balance=col(ApiKey.balance) - chargeable,
                         total_spent=col(ApiKey.total_spent) + chargeable,
                     )
                 )
-                result = await session.exec(finalize_stmt)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+                await session.exec(finalize_stmt)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
 
                 if billing_key.hashed_key != key.hashed_key:
                     child_stmt = (
                         update(ApiKey)
                         .where(col(ApiKey.hashed_key) == key.hashed_key)
-                        .where(col(ApiKey.reserved_balance) >= deducted_max_cost)
                         .values(
-                            reserved_balance=col(ApiKey.reserved_balance) - deducted_max_cost,
+                            reserved_balance=overrun_safe_reserved,
                             total_spent=col(ApiKey.total_spent) + min(billing_key.balance, total_cost_msats),
                         )
                     )
@@ -1009,51 +1117,38 @@ async def adjust_payment_for_tokens(
 
                 await session.commit()
 
-                if result.rowcount:
-                    await session.refresh(billing_key)
-                    if billing_key.hashed_key != key.hashed_key:
-                        await session.refresh(key)
-                    cost.total_msats = total_cost_msats
-                    logger.info(
-                        "Finalized payment with additional charge",
-                        extra={
-                            "key_hash": key.hashed_key[:8] + "...",
-                            "billing_key_hash": billing_key.hashed_key[:8] + "...",
-                            "charged_amount": total_cost_msats,
-                            "new_balance": billing_key.balance,
-                            "model": model,
-                        },
-                    )
-                    await _accumulate_fee(total_cost_msats)
-                    payments_logger.info(
-                        "FINALIZE",
-                        extra={
-                            "event": "finalize",
-                            "key_hash": key.hashed_key[:8] + "...",
-                            "billing_key_hash": billing_key.hashed_key[:8] + "...",
-                            "model": model,
-                            "cost_reserved": deducted_max_cost,
-                            "cost_charged": total_cost_msats,
-                            "input_tokens": cost.input_tokens,
-                            "output_tokens": cost.output_tokens,
-                            "balance": billing_key.balance,
-                            "reserved_balance": billing_key.reserved_balance,
-                            "total_spent": billing_key.total_spent,
-                            "finalize_type": "overrun",
-                        },
-                    )
-                else:
-                    # Guard fired: reservation was already released by a concurrent
-                    # finalization for this key. Nothing left to do.
-                    logger.warning(
-                        "Finalization skipped - reservation already released",
-                        extra={
-                            "key_hash": key.hashed_key[:8] + "...",
-                            "billing_key_hash": billing_key.hashed_key[:8] + "...",
-                            "attempted_charge": total_cost_msats,
-                            "model": model,
-                        },
-                    )
+                await session.refresh(billing_key)
+                if billing_key.hashed_key != key.hashed_key:
+                    await session.refresh(key)
+                cost.total_msats = total_cost_msats
+                logger.info(
+                    "Finalized payment with additional charge",
+                    extra={
+                        "key_hash": key.hashed_key[:8] + "...",
+                        "billing_key_hash": billing_key.hashed_key[:8] + "...",
+                        "charged_amount": total_cost_msats,
+                        "new_balance": billing_key.balance,
+                        "model": model,
+                    },
+                )
+                await _accumulate_fee(total_cost_msats)
+                payments_logger.info(
+                    "FINALIZE",
+                    extra={
+                        "event": "finalize",
+                        "key_hash": key.hashed_key[:8] + "...",
+                        "billing_key_hash": billing_key.hashed_key[:8] + "...",
+                        "model": model,
+                        "cost_reserved": deducted_max_cost,
+                        "cost_charged": total_cost_msats,
+                        "input_tokens": cost.input_tokens,
+                        "output_tokens": cost.output_tokens,
+                        "balance": billing_key.balance,
+                        "reserved_balance": billing_key.reserved_balance,
+                        "total_spent": billing_key.total_spent,
+                        "finalize_type": "overrun",
+                    },
+                )
             else:
                 # Refund some of the base cost
                 refund = abs(cost_difference)
@@ -1258,3 +1353,53 @@ async def periodic_key_reset() -> None:
             break
         except Exception as e:
             logger.error(f"Error in periodic_key_reset: {e}")
+
+
+async def periodic_dead_key_prune() -> None:
+    """Periodically prune dead API keys. Interval <= 0 disables it.
+
+    See ``prune_dead_api_keys`` for eligibility.
+    """
+    from .core.db import create_session, prune_dead_api_keys
+
+    interval = settings.dead_key_prune_interval_seconds
+    if interval <= 0:
+        logger.info("Dead-key pruning disabled (interval <= 0)")
+        return
+
+    while True:
+        try:
+            await asyncio.sleep(interval)
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            break
+
+        try:
+            async with create_session() as session:
+                await prune_dead_api_keys(
+                    session, settings.dead_key_min_age_seconds
+                )
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            break
+        except Exception as e:
+            logger.error(f"Error in periodic_dead_key_prune: {e}")
+
+
+STALE_RESERVATION_SWEEP_INTERVAL_SECONDS: int = 60
+
+
+async def periodic_stale_reservation_sweep() -> None:
+    """Background task that releases reservations leaked by client disconnects,
+    crashes or abandoned streams.
+    """
+    from .core.db import create_session, release_stale_reservations
+
+    while True:
+        try:
+            async with create_session() as session:
+                await release_stale_reservations(
+                    session, settings.stale_reservation_timeout_seconds
+                )
+        except Exception:
+            logger.exception("Error in periodic_stale_reservation_sweep")
+
+        await asyncio.sleep(STALE_RESERVATION_SWEEP_INTERVAL_SECONDS)

routstr/balance.py

@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ from typing import Annotated, NoReturn
 from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, Header, HTTPException
 from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
 from pydantic import BaseModel
-from sqlmodel import col, select, update
+from sqlmodel import col, or_, select, update
 
 from .auth import get_billing_key, validate_bearer_key
 from .core.db import (
@@ -20,7 +20,14 @@ from .core.db import (
 from .core.logging import get_logger
 from .core.settings import settings
 from .lightning import lightning_router
-from .wallet import credit_balance, recieve_token, send_to_lnurl, send_token
+from .wallet import (
+    classify_redemption_error,
+    credit_balance,
+    is_mint_connection_error,
+    recieve_token,
+    send_to_lnurl,
+    send_token,
+)
 
 router = APIRouter()
 balance_router = APIRouter(prefix="/v1/balance")
@@ -48,7 +55,6 @@ async def get_balance_info(key: ApiKey, session: AsyncSession) -> dict:
         "balance": billing_key.total_balance,
         "reserved": billing_key.reserved_balance,
         "is_child": key.parent_key_hash is not None,
-        "parent_key": "sk-" + key.parent_key_hash if key.parent_key_hash else None,
         "total_requests": key.total_requests,
         "total_spent": key.total_spent,
         "balance_limit": key.balance_limit,
@@ -56,7 +62,9 @@ async def get_balance_info(key: ApiKey, session: AsyncSession) -> dict:
         "validity_date": key.validity_date,
     }
 
-    if not key.parent_key_hash:
+    if key.parent_key_hash:
+        info["parent_key_preview"] = key.parent_key_hash[:8] + "..."
+    else:
         # Fetch child keys if this is a parent key
         statement = select(ApiKey).where(ApiKey.parent_key_hash == key.hashed_key)
         results = await session.exec(statement)
@@ -155,30 +163,18 @@ async def topup_wallet_endpoint(
         raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid token format")
     try:
         amount_msats = await credit_balance(cashu_token, billing_key, session)
-    except ValueError as e:
-        error_msg = str(e)
-        if "already spent" in error_msg.lower():
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Token already spent")
-        elif "invalid" in error_msg.lower() or "decode" in error_msg.lower():
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid token format")
-        elif "insufficient" in error_msg.lower() or "melt fee" in error_msg.lower():
-            raise HTTPException(
-                status_code=400,
-                detail=f"Token value is too small to cover swap fees. {error_msg}",
-            )
-        elif "failed to melt" in error_msg.lower():
-            raise HTTPException(
-                status_code=400,
-                detail=f"Failed to swap foreign mint token. {error_msg}",
-            )
-        else:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail=f"Failed to redeem token: {error_msg}")
     except Exception as e:
-        logger.error(
-            "topup_wallet_endpoint: unhandled error",
-            extra={"error": str(e), "error_type": type(e).__name__},
-        )
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail="Internal server error")
+        # Shared taxonomy so top-up matches the bearer/X-Cashu paths (503 for an
+        # unreachable mint, 422 for fee/swap failures, 400 for token faults).
+        classified = classify_redemption_error(e)
+        if classified is None:
+            logger.error(
+                "topup_wallet_endpoint: unhandled error",
+                extra={"error": str(e), "error_type": type(e).__name__},
+            )
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail="Internal server error")
+        _type, status_code, message, _code = classified
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=status_code, detail=message)
     return {"msats": amount_msats}
 
 
@@ -273,7 +269,20 @@ async def refund_wallet_endpoint(
         )
         out_tx = out_tx_result.first()
         if out_tx is None:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Refund not found")
+            # The "in" row exists with a request_id, but the "out" (refund)
+            # row hasn't been written yet — the upstream request is still in
+            # flight and the refund will be minted once it completes. Tell the
+            # client to retry instead of 404ing permanently (race condition
+            # where /v1/wallet/refund is polled before the refund exists).
+            logger.debug(
+                "refund_wallet_endpoint: refund pending (in row exists, out row not yet created)",
+                extra={"request_id": in_tx.request_id},
+            )
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=425,
+                detail="Refund is pending; retry shortly.",
+                headers={"Retry-After": "2"},
+            )
         if out_tx.swept:
             raise HTTPException(status_code=410, detail="Refund has been swept")
 
@@ -312,9 +321,36 @@ async def refund_wallet_endpoint(
         )
 
     if key.reserved_balance > 0:
-        raise HTTPException(
-            status_code=400,
-            detail="Cannot refund key. There are ongoing requests for this api key.",
+        # Release the reservation if it is stale
+        cutoff = int(time.time()) - settings.stale_reservation_timeout_seconds
+        stale_release_stmt = (
+            update(ApiKey)
+            .where(col(ApiKey.hashed_key) == key.hashed_key)
+            .where(col(ApiKey.reserved_balance) > 0)
+            .where(
+                or_(
+                    col(ApiKey.reserved_at).is_(None),
+                    col(ApiKey.reserved_at) < cutoff,
+                )
+            )
+            .values(reserved_balance=0, reserved_at=None)
+        )
+        stale_result = await session.exec(stale_release_stmt)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+        await session.commit()
+
+        if stale_result.rowcount == 0:
+            raise HTTPException(
+                status_code=400,
+                detail="Cannot refund key. There are ongoing requests for this api key.",
+            )
+
+        await session.refresh(key)
+        logger.warning(
+            "refund_wallet_endpoint: released stale reservation before refund",
+            extra={
+                "hashed_key": key.hashed_key,
+                "stale_timeout_seconds": settings.stale_reservation_timeout_seconds,
+            },
         )
 
     remaining_balance_msats: int = key.total_balance
@@ -341,7 +377,7 @@ async def refund_wallet_endpoint(
         .where(col(ApiKey.hashed_key) == key.hashed_key)
         .where(col(ApiKey.balance) == pre_debit_balance)
         .where(col(ApiKey.reserved_balance) == pre_debit_reserved)
-        .values(balance=0, reserved_balance=0)
+        .values(balance=0, reserved_balance=0, reserved_at=None)
     )
     debit_result = await session.exec(debit_stmt)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
     await session.commit()
@@ -413,14 +449,10 @@ async def refund_wallet_endpoint(
                 "has_refund_address": bool(key.refund_address),
             },
         )
-        if (
-            "mint" in error_msg.lower()
-            or "connection" in error_msg.lower()
-            or "ConnectError" in str(type(e))
-        ):
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=503, detail=f"Mint service unavailable: {error_msg}")
+        if is_mint_connection_error(e):
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=503, detail="Mint service unavailable")
         else:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail=f"Refund failed: {error_msg}")
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail="Refund failed")
 
     await _refund_cache_set(bearer_value, result)
 
@@ -535,10 +567,24 @@ async def create_child_key(
             detail=f"Insufficient balance to create {count} child keys. {total_cost} mSats required.",
         )
 
-    # Deduct cost from parent
-    key.balance -= total_cost
-    key.total_spent += total_cost
-    session.add(key)
+    # Deduct cost from parent atomically — guards against concurrent requests
+    # that both pass the balance check above on stale in-memory state.
+    deduct_stmt = (
+        update(ApiKey)
+        .where(col(ApiKey.hashed_key) == key.hashed_key)
+        .where(col(ApiKey.balance) - col(ApiKey.reserved_balance) >= total_cost)
+        .values(
+            balance=col(ApiKey.balance) - total_cost,
+            total_spent=col(ApiKey.total_spent) + total_cost,
+        )
+    )
+    result = await session.exec(deduct_stmt)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+
+    if result.rowcount == 0:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=402,
+            detail=f"Insufficient balance to create {count} child keys. {total_cost} mSats required.",
+        )
 
     # Generate new keys
     import secrets
@@ -563,6 +609,7 @@ async def create_child_key(
         new_keys.append("sk-" + new_key_hash)
 
     await session.commit()
+    await session.refresh(key)
 
     response_data = {
         "api_keys": new_keys,
@@ -609,26 +656,6 @@ async def reset_child_key_spent(
     return {"success": True, "message": "Child key balance reset successfully."}
 
 
-@router.get("/cashu-refund/{payment_token_hash}")
-async def get_cashu_refund(
-    payment_token_hash: str,
-    session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_session),
-) -> dict:
-    """Retrieve a stored Cashu refund token by the hash of the original payment token."""
-    result = await session.get(CashuTransaction, payment_token_hash)
-    if result is None:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Refund not found")
-    if result.swept:
-        raise HTTPException(status_code=410, detail="Refund has been swept")
-    result.collected = True
-    session.add(result)
-    await session.commit()
-    return {
-        "refund_token": result.token,
-        "amount": result.amount,
-        "unit": result.unit,
-    }
-
 
 @router.api_route(
     "/{path:path}",

routstr/core/admin.py

@@ -1,5 +1,6 @@
 import asyncio
 import json
+import re
 import secrets
 from datetime import datetime, timezone
 from pathlib import Path
@@ -8,6 +9,7 @@ from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, Query, Request
 from pydantic import BaseModel, RootModel
 from pydantic.v1 import ValidationError as PydanticValidationError
 from sqlmodel import select
+from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
 
 from ..payment.models import _row_to_model, list_models
 from ..proxy import refresh_model_maps, reinitialize_upstreams
@@ -29,6 +31,7 @@ from .db import (
 )
 from .log_manager import log_manager
 from .logging import get_logger
+from .provider_slugs import allocate_unique_provider_slug
 from .settings import SettingsService, settings
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
@@ -68,26 +71,89 @@ async def require_admin_api(request: Request) -> None:
 
 
 @admin_router.get("/api/temporary-balances", dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)])
-async def get_temporary_balances_api(request: Request) -> list[dict[str, object]]:
+async def get_temporary_balances_api(
+    request: Request,
+    search: str | None = None,
+    limit: int = 50,
+    offset: int = 0,
+) -> dict[str, object]:
+    from sqlalchemy import case
+    from sqlmodel import col, func
+
+    filters = []
+    if search:
+        pattern = f"%{search}%"
+        filters.append(
+            col(ApiKey.hashed_key).like(pattern)
+            | col(ApiKey.refund_address).like(pattern)
+        )
+
     async with create_session() as session:
-        result = await session.exec(select(ApiKey))
+        base = select(ApiKey).where(*filters)
+
+        count_result = await session.exec(
+            select(func.count()).select_from(base.subquery())
+        )
+        total = count_result.one()
+
+        # Aggregate totals across the whole (search-filtered) set, not just the
+        # current page. Balance counts only parent (non-child) keys to avoid
+        # double-counting, since child keys draw from their parent's balance.
+        totals_result = await session.exec(
+            select(
+                func.coalesce(
+                    func.sum(
+                        case(
+                            (col(ApiKey.parent_key_hash).is_(None), ApiKey.balance),
+                            else_=0,
+                        )
+                    ),
+                    0,
+                ),
+                func.coalesce(func.sum(ApiKey.total_spent), 0),
+                func.coalesce(func.sum(ApiKey.total_requests), 0),
+            ).where(*filters)
+        )
+        total_balance, total_spent, total_requests = totals_result.one()
+
+        # Latest created first; keys with no created_at (legacy rows) sort last.
+        # Use an explicit CASE rather than relying on dialect NULL-ordering so
+        # the behaviour is identical on SQLite and Postgres.
+        stmt = (
+            base.order_by(
+                case((col(ApiKey.created_at).is_(None), 1), else_=0),
+                col(ApiKey.created_at).desc(),
+            )
+            .offset(offset)
+            .limit(limit)
+        )
+        result = await session.exec(stmt)
         api_keys = result.all()
 
-    return [
-        {
-            "hashed_key": key.hashed_key,
-            "balance": key.balance,
-            "total_spent": key.total_spent,
-            "total_requests": key.total_requests,
-            "refund_address": key.refund_address,
-            "key_expiry_time": key.key_expiry_time,
-            "parent_key_hash": key.parent_key_hash,
-            "balance_limit": key.balance_limit,
-            "balance_limit_reset": key.balance_limit_reset,
-            "validity_date": key.validity_date,
-        }
-        for key in api_keys
-    ]
+    return {
+        "balances": [
+            {
+                "hashed_key": key.hashed_key,
+                "balance": key.balance,
+                "total_spent": key.total_spent,
+                "total_requests": key.total_requests,
+                "refund_address": key.refund_address,
+                "key_expiry_time": key.key_expiry_time,
+                "parent_key_hash": key.parent_key_hash,
+                "balance_limit": key.balance_limit,
+                "balance_limit_reset": key.balance_limit_reset,
+                "validity_date": key.validity_date,
+                "created_at": key.created_at,
+            }
+            for key in api_keys
+        ],
+        "total": total,
+        "totals": {
+            "total_balance": total_balance,
+            "total_spent": total_spent,
+            "total_requests": total_requests,
+        },
+    }
 
 
 class ApiKeyUpdate(BaseModel):
@@ -393,19 +459,18 @@ class ModelCreate(BaseModel):
     dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)],
 )
 async def upsert_provider_model(
-    provider_id: int, payload: ModelCreate
+    provider_id: str, payload: ModelCreate
 ) -> dict[str, object]:
     print(payload)
     logger.info(
         f"UPSERT_PROVIDER_MODEL called: provider_id={provider_id}, model_id={payload.id}"
     )
     async with create_session() as session:
-        provider = await session.get(UpstreamProviderRow, provider_id)
-        if not provider:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Provider not found")
+        provider = await _get_upstream_provider_by_ref(session, provider_id)
+        provider_pk = _provider_pk(provider)
 
         # Try to get existing model
-        existing_row = await session.get(ModelRow, (payload.id, provider_id))
+        existing_row = await session.get(ModelRow, (payload.id, provider_pk))
 
         if existing_row:
             # Update existing model
@@ -461,7 +526,7 @@ async def upsert_provider_model(
                 alias_ids=(
                     json.dumps(payload.alias_ids) if payload.alias_ids else None
                 ),
-                upstream_provider_id=provider_id,
+                upstream_provider_id=provider_pk,
                 enabled=payload.enabled,
                 forwarded_model_id=payload.forwarded_model_id or payload.id,
             )
@@ -480,7 +545,7 @@ async def upsert_provider_model(
     dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)],
 )
 async def update_provider_model_legacy(
-    provider_id: int, model_id: str, payload: ModelCreate
+    provider_id: str, model_id: str, payload: ModelCreate
 ) -> dict[str, object]:
     """Legacy PATCH endpoint - redirects to upsert POST endpoint for backward compatibility."""
     logger.info(
@@ -493,13 +558,12 @@ async def update_provider_model_legacy(
     "/api/upstream-providers/{provider_id}/models/{model_id:path}",
     dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)],
 )
-async def get_provider_model(provider_id: int, model_id: str) -> dict[str, object]:
+async def get_provider_model(provider_id: str, model_id: str) -> dict[str, object]:
     async with create_session() as session:
-        provider = await session.get(UpstreamProviderRow, provider_id)
-        if not provider:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Provider not found")
+        provider = await _get_upstream_provider_by_ref(session, provider_id)
+        provider_pk = _provider_pk(provider)
 
-        row = await session.get(ModelRow, (model_id, provider_id))
+        row = await session.get(ModelRow, (model_id, provider_pk))
         if not row:
             raise HTTPException(
                 status_code=404, detail="Model not found for this provider"
@@ -513,9 +577,11 @@ async def get_provider_model(provider_id: int, model_id: str) -> dict[str, objec
     "/api/upstream-providers/{provider_id}/models/{model_id:path}",
     dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)],
 )
-async def delete_provider_model(provider_id: int, model_id: str) -> dict[str, object]:
+async def delete_provider_model(provider_id: str, model_id: str) -> dict[str, object]:
     async with create_session() as session:
-        row = await session.get(ModelRow, (model_id, provider_id))
+        provider = await _get_upstream_provider_by_ref(session, provider_id)
+        provider_pk = _provider_pk(provider)
+        row = await session.get(ModelRow, (model_id, provider_pk))
         if not row:
             raise HTTPException(
                 status_code=404, detail="Model not found for this provider"
@@ -530,10 +596,12 @@ async def delete_provider_model(provider_id: int, model_id: str) -> dict[str, ob
     "/api/upstream-providers/{provider_id}/models",
     dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)],
 )
-async def delete_all_provider_models(provider_id: int) -> dict[str, object]:
+async def delete_all_provider_models(provider_id: str) -> dict[str, object]:
     async with create_session() as session:
+        provider = await _get_upstream_provider_by_ref(session, provider_id)
+        provider_pk = _provider_pk(provider)
         result = await session.exec(
-            select(ModelRow).where(ModelRow.upstream_provider_id == provider_id)
+            select(ModelRow).where(ModelRow.upstream_provider_id == provider_pk)
         )  # type: ignore
         rows = result.all()
         for row in rows:
@@ -552,7 +620,7 @@ class BatchOverrideRequest(BaseModel):
     dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)],
 )
 async def batch_override_provider_models(
-    provider_id: int, payload: BatchOverrideRequest
+    provider_id: str, payload: BatchOverrideRequest
 ) -> dict[str, object]:
     """Batch override models for a specific provider."""
     logger.info(
@@ -560,15 +628,14 @@ async def batch_override_provider_models(
     )
 
     async with create_session() as session:
-        provider = await session.get(UpstreamProviderRow, provider_id)
-        if not provider:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Provider not found")
+        provider = await _get_upstream_provider_by_ref(session, provider_id)
+        provider_pk = _provider_pk(provider)
 
         overridden_count = 0
 
         for model_data in payload.models:
             # Try to get existing model regardless of whether it's enabled or not
-            existing_row = await session.get(ModelRow, (model_data.id, provider_id))
+            existing_row = await session.get(ModelRow, (model_data.id, provider_pk))
 
             if existing_row:
                 # Update existing
@@ -622,7 +689,7 @@ async def batch_override_provider_models(
                         if model_data.alias_ids
                         else None
                     ),
-                    upstream_provider_id=provider_id,
+                    upstream_provider_id=provider_pk,
                     enabled=model_data.enabled,
                 )
                 session.add(row)
@@ -639,6 +706,85 @@ async def batch_override_provider_models(
     }
 
 
+_SLUG_PATTERN = re.compile(r"^[a-z0-9][a-z0-9-]{1,62}[a-z0-9]$")
+
+
+def _validate_slug(value: str) -> str:
+    candidate = value.strip().lower()
+    if not _SLUG_PATTERN.fullmatch(candidate):
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=400,
+            detail=(
+                "slug must be 3-64 chars, lowercase letters/digits/hyphens, "
+                "and may not start or end with a hyphen"
+            ),
+        )
+    if candidate.isdigit():
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=400,
+            detail="slug must not be all digits",
+        )
+    return candidate
+
+
+async def _ensure_unique_slug(
+    session: AsyncSession, slug: str, exclude_id: int | None = None
+) -> None:
+    stmt = select(UpstreamProviderRow).where(UpstreamProviderRow.slug == slug)
+    result = await session.exec(stmt)
+    existing = result.first()
+    if existing and existing.id != exclude_id:
+        raise HTTPException(
+            status_code=409,
+            detail="Provider with this slug already exists",
+        )
+
+
+async def _get_upstream_provider_by_ref(
+    session: AsyncSession, provider_ref: str
+) -> UpstreamProviderRow:
+    if provider_ref.isdigit():
+        provider = await session.get(UpstreamProviderRow, int(provider_ref))
+    else:
+        slug = _validate_slug(provider_ref)
+        result = await session.exec(
+            select(UpstreamProviderRow).where(UpstreamProviderRow.slug == slug)
+        )
+        provider = result.first()
+
+    if not provider:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Provider not found")
+    return provider
+
+
+def _provider_pk(provider: UpstreamProviderRow) -> int:
+    if provider.id is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=500, detail="Provider has no database id")
+    return provider.id
+
+
+def _serialize_provider(
+    provider: UpstreamProviderRow, redact_api_key: bool = True
+) -> dict[str, object]:
+    return {
+        "id": provider.id,
+        "slug": provider.slug,
+        "provider_type": provider.provider_type,
+        "base_url": provider.base_url,
+        "api_key": "[REDACTED]"
+        if (redact_api_key and provider.api_key)
+        else provider.api_key
+        if not redact_api_key
+        else "",
+        "api_version": provider.api_version,
+        "enabled": provider.enabled,
+        "provider_fee": provider.provider_fee,
+        "provider_settings": json.loads(provider.provider_settings)
+        if provider.provider_settings
+        else None,
+    }
+
+
 class UpstreamProviderCreate(BaseModel):
     provider_type: str
     base_url: str
@@ -647,6 +793,7 @@ class UpstreamProviderCreate(BaseModel):
     enabled: bool = True
     provider_fee: float = 1.01
     provider_settings: dict | None = None
+    slug: str | None = None
 
 
 class UpstreamProviderUpdate(BaseModel):
@@ -657,6 +804,50 @@ class UpstreamProviderUpdate(BaseModel):
     enabled: bool | None = None
     provider_fee: float | None = None
     provider_settings: dict | None = None
+    slug: str | None = None
+
+
+class UpstreamProviderUpdateBySlug(BaseModel):
+    slug: str
+    new_slug: str | None = None
+    provider_type: str | None = None
+    base_url: str | None = None
+    api_key: str | None = None
+    api_version: str | None = None
+    enabled: bool | None = None
+    provider_fee: float | None = None
+    provider_settings: dict | None = None
+
+
+async def _apply_provider_update(
+    session: AsyncSession,
+    provider: UpstreamProviderRow,
+    payload: UpstreamProviderUpdate,
+    new_slug: str | None = None,
+) -> None:
+    if new_slug is not None:
+        validated = _validate_slug(new_slug)
+        await _ensure_unique_slug(session, validated, exclude_id=provider.id)
+        provider.slug = validated
+
+    if payload.provider_type is not None:
+        provider.provider_type = payload.provider_type
+    if payload.base_url is not None:
+        provider.base_url = payload.base_url
+    if payload.api_key is not None:
+        provider.api_key = payload.api_key
+    if payload.api_version is not None:
+        provider.api_version = payload.api_version
+    if payload.enabled is not None:
+        provider.enabled = payload.enabled
+    if payload.provider_fee is not None:
+        provider.provider_fee = payload.provider_fee
+    if payload.provider_settings is not None:
+        provider.provider_settings = json.dumps(payload.provider_settings)
+
+    session.add(provider)
+    await session.commit()
+    await session.refresh(provider)
 
 
 @admin_router.get("/api/upstream-providers", dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)])
@@ -664,21 +855,7 @@ async def get_upstream_providers() -> list[dict[str, object]]:
     async with create_session() as session:
         result = await session.exec(select(UpstreamProviderRow))
         providers = result.all()
-        return [
-            {
-                "id": p.id,
-                "provider_type": p.provider_type,
-                "base_url": p.base_url,
-                "api_key": "[REDACTED]" if p.api_key else "",
-                "api_version": p.api_version,
-                "enabled": p.enabled,
-                "provider_fee": p.provider_fee,
-                "provider_settings": json.loads(p.provider_settings)
-                if p.provider_settings
-                else None,
-            }
-            for p in providers
-        ]
+        return [_serialize_provider(p) for p in providers]
 
 
 @admin_router.post("/api/upstream-providers", dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)])
@@ -698,7 +875,14 @@ async def create_upstream_provider(
                 detail="Provider with this base URL and API key already exists",
             )
 
+        if payload.slug:
+            slug = _validate_slug(payload.slug)
+            await _ensure_unique_slug(session, slug)
+        else:
+            slug = await allocate_unique_provider_slug(session, payload.provider_type)
+
         provider = UpstreamProviderRow(
+            slug=slug,
             provider_type=payload.provider_type,
             base_url=payload.base_url,
             api_key=payload.api_key,
@@ -715,99 +899,81 @@ async def create_upstream_provider(
 
     await reinitialize_upstreams()
     await refresh_model_maps()
-    return {
-        "id": provider.id,
-        "provider_type": provider.provider_type,
-        "base_url": provider.base_url,
-        "api_key": "[REDACTED]",
-        "api_version": provider.api_version,
-        "enabled": provider.enabled,
-        "provider_fee": provider.provider_fee,
-        "provider_settings": payload.provider_settings,
-    }
+    return _serialize_provider(provider)
 
 
 @admin_router.get(
     "/api/upstream-providers/{provider_id}", dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)]
 )
-async def get_upstream_provider(provider_id: int) -> dict[str, object]:
+async def get_upstream_provider(provider_id: str) -> dict[str, object]:
     async with create_session() as session:
-        provider = await session.get(UpstreamProviderRow, provider_id)
-        if not provider:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Provider not found")
-        return {
-            "id": provider.id,
-            "provider_type": provider.provider_type,
-            "base_url": provider.base_url,
-            "api_key": "[REDACTED]" if provider.api_key else "",
-            "api_version": provider.api_version,
-            "enabled": provider.enabled,
-            "provider_fee": provider.provider_fee,
-            "provider_settings": json.loads(provider.provider_settings)
-            if provider.provider_settings
-            else None,
-        }
+        provider = await _get_upstream_provider_by_ref(session, provider_id)
+        return _serialize_provider(provider)
 
 
 @admin_router.patch(
     "/api/upstream-providers/{provider_id}", dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)]
 )
 async def update_upstream_provider(
-    provider_id: int, payload: UpstreamProviderUpdate
+    provider_id: str, payload: UpstreamProviderUpdate
 ) -> dict[str, object]:
     async with create_session() as session:
-        provider = await session.get(UpstreamProviderRow, provider_id)
-        if not provider:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Provider not found")
+        provider = await _get_upstream_provider_by_ref(session, provider_id)
 
-        if payload.provider_type is not None:
-            provider.provider_type = payload.provider_type
-        if payload.base_url is not None:
-            provider.base_url = payload.base_url
-        if payload.api_key is not None:
-            provider.api_key = payload.api_key
-        if payload.api_version is not None:
-            provider.api_version = payload.api_version
-        if payload.enabled is not None:
-            provider.enabled = payload.enabled
-        if payload.provider_fee is not None:
-            provider.provider_fee = payload.provider_fee
-        if payload.provider_settings is not None:
-            provider.provider_settings = json.dumps(payload.provider_settings)
-
-        session.add(provider)
-        await session.commit()
-        await session.refresh(provider)
+        await _apply_provider_update(session, provider, payload, new_slug=payload.slug)
 
     await reinitialize_upstreams()
     await refresh_model_maps()
-    return {
-        "id": provider.id,
-        "provider_type": provider.provider_type,
-        "base_url": provider.base_url,
-        "api_key": "[REDACTED]",
-        "api_version": provider.api_version,
-        "enabled": provider.enabled,
-        "provider_fee": provider.provider_fee,
-        "provider_settings": json.loads(provider.provider_settings)
-        if provider.provider_settings
-        else None,
-    }
+    return _serialize_provider(provider)
+
+
+@admin_router.patch(
+    "/api/upstream-providers", dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)]
+)
+async def update_upstream_provider_by_slug(
+    payload: UpstreamProviderUpdateBySlug,
+) -> dict[str, object]:
+    lookup = _validate_slug(payload.slug)
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        result = await session.exec(
+            select(UpstreamProviderRow).where(
+                UpstreamProviderRow.slug == lookup
+            )
+        )
+        provider = result.first()
+        if not provider:
+            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Provider not found")
+
+        update_payload = UpstreamProviderUpdate(
+            provider_type=payload.provider_type,
+            base_url=payload.base_url,
+            api_key=payload.api_key,
+            api_version=payload.api_version,
+            enabled=payload.enabled,
+            provider_fee=payload.provider_fee,
+            provider_settings=payload.provider_settings,
+        )
+        await _apply_provider_update(
+            session, provider, update_payload, new_slug=payload.new_slug
+        )
+
+    await reinitialize_upstreams()
+    await refresh_model_maps()
+    return _serialize_provider(provider)
 
 
 @admin_router.delete(
     "/api/upstream-providers/{provider_id}", dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)]
 )
-async def delete_upstream_provider(provider_id: int) -> dict[str, object]:
+async def delete_upstream_provider(provider_id: str) -> dict[str, object]:
     async with create_session() as session:
-        provider = await session.get(UpstreamProviderRow, provider_id)
-        if not provider:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Provider not found")
+        provider = await _get_upstream_provider_by_ref(session, provider_id)
+        deleted_id = _provider_pk(provider)
         await session.delete(provider)
         await session.commit()
     await reinitialize_upstreams()
     await refresh_model_maps()
-    return {"ok": True, "deleted_id": provider_id}
+    return {"ok": True, "deleted_id": deleted_id}
 
 
 @admin_router.get("/api/provider-types", dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)])
@@ -822,17 +988,16 @@ async def get_provider_types() -> list[dict[str, object]]:
     "/api/upstream-providers/{provider_id}/models",
     dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)],
 )
-async def get_provider_models(provider_id: int) -> dict[str, object]:
+async def get_provider_models(provider_id: str) -> dict[str, object]:
     from ..upstream.helpers import _instantiate_provider
 
     async with create_session() as session:
-        provider = await session.get(UpstreamProviderRow, provider_id)
-        if not provider:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Provider not found")
+        provider = await _get_upstream_provider_by_ref(session, provider_id)
+        provider_pk = _provider_pk(provider)
 
         db_models = await list_models(
             session=session,
-            upstream_id=provider_id,
+            upstream_id=provider_pk,
             include_disabled=True,
             apply_fees=False,
         )
@@ -922,13 +1087,11 @@ class TopupTokenRequest(BaseModel):
     dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)],
 )
 async def topup_provider_with_token(
-    provider_id: int, payload: TopupTokenRequest
+    provider_id: str, payload: TopupTokenRequest
 ) -> dict:
     """Redeem a Cashu token for an upstream provider."""
     async with create_session() as session:
-        provider = await session.get(UpstreamProviderRow, provider_id)
-        if not provider:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Provider not found")
+        provider = await _get_upstream_provider_by_ref(session, provider_id)
 
         import httpx
 
@@ -959,15 +1122,13 @@ async def topup_provider_with_token(
     dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)],
 )
 async def initiate_provider_topup(
-    provider_id: int, payload: TopupRequest
+    provider_id: str, payload: TopupRequest
 ) -> dict[str, object]:
     """Initiate a Lightning Network top-up for the upstream provider account."""
     from ..upstream.helpers import _instantiate_provider
 
     async with create_session() as session:
-        provider = await session.get(UpstreamProviderRow, provider_id)
-        if not provider:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Provider not found")
+        provider = await _get_upstream_provider_by_ref(session, provider_id)
 
         try:
             logger.info(
@@ -1087,15 +1248,13 @@ async def initiate_provider_topup(
     "/api/upstream-providers/{provider_id}/topup/{invoice_id}/status",
     dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)],
 )
-async def check_topup_status(provider_id: int, invoice_id: str) -> dict[str, object]:
+async def check_topup_status(provider_id: str, invoice_id: str) -> dict[str, object]:
     """Check the status of a Lightning Network top-up invoice."""
     from ..upstream.helpers import _instantiate_provider
     from ..upstream.ppqai import PPQAIUpstreamProvider
 
     async with create_session() as session:
-        provider = await session.get(UpstreamProviderRow, provider_id)
-        if not provider:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Provider not found")
+        provider = await _get_upstream_provider_by_ref(session, provider_id)
 
         # For Routstr providers, proxy the status check
         if provider.provider_type == "routstr":
@@ -1142,14 +1301,12 @@ async def check_topup_status(provider_id: int, invoice_id: str) -> dict[str, obj
     "/api/upstream-providers/{provider_id}/balance",
     dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)],
 )
-async def get_provider_balance(provider_id: int) -> dict[str, object]:
+async def get_provider_balance(provider_id: str) -> dict[str, object]:
     """Get the current balance for an upstream provider account."""
     from ..upstream.helpers import _instantiate_provider
 
     async with create_session() as session:
-        provider = await session.get(UpstreamProviderRow, provider_id)
-        if not provider:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Provider not found")
+        provider = await _get_upstream_provider_by_ref(session, provider_id)
 
         # For Routstr providers, proxy the balance check
         if provider.provider_type == "routstr":
@@ -1528,15 +1685,13 @@ async def get_lightning_invoices_api(
     "/api/upstream-providers/{provider_id}/routstr/refund",
     dependencies=[Depends(require_admin_api)],
 )
-async def refund_routstr_provider_balance(provider_id: int) -> dict[str, object]:
+async def refund_routstr_provider_balance(provider_id: str) -> dict[str, object]:
     """Refund balance from an upstream Routstr provider back to the local wallet."""
     from ..upstream.helpers import _instantiate_provider
     from ..upstream.routstr import RoutstrUpstreamProvider
 
     async with create_session() as session:
-        provider_row = await session.get(UpstreamProviderRow, provider_id)
-        if not provider_row:
-            raise HTTPException(status_code=404, detail="Provider not found")
+        provider_row = await _get_upstream_provider_by_ref(session, provider_id)
 
         if provider_row.provider_type != "routstr":
             raise HTTPException(

routstr/core/db.py

@@ -9,9 +9,10 @@ from typing import AsyncGenerator
 from alembic import command
 from alembic.config import Config
 from alembic.util.exc import CommandError
-from sqlalchemy import UniqueConstraint
+from sqlalchemy import UniqueConstraint, delete
 from sqlalchemy.exc import OperationalError
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio.engine import create_async_engine
+from sqlalchemy.orm import aliased
 from sqlmodel import Field, Relationship, SQLModel, col, func, select, update
 from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
 
@@ -33,6 +34,14 @@ class ApiKey(SQLModel, table=True):  # type: ignore
     reserved_balance: int = Field(
         default=0, description="Reserved balance in millisatoshis (msats)"
     )
+    reserved_at: int | None = Field(
+        default=None,
+        description=(
+            "Unix timestamp of the most recent balance reservation. Used to "
+            "detect and release stale reservations (e.g. after client "
+            "disconnects). NULL when no reservation has been made yet."
+        ),
+    )
     refund_address: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         description="Lightning address to refund remaining balance after key expires",
@@ -45,6 +54,14 @@ class ApiKey(SQLModel, table=True):  # type: ignore
         default=0, description="Total spent in millisatoshis (msats)"
     )
     total_requests: int = Field(default=0)
+    created_at: int | None = Field(
+        default_factory=lambda: int(time.time()),
+        nullable=True,
+        description=(
+            "Unix timestamp when the key was created. Nullable: keys created "
+            "before this column existed have no value and sort last."
+        ),
+    )
     refund_mint_url: str | None = Field(
         default=None,
         description="URL of the mint used to create the cashu-token",
@@ -79,12 +96,93 @@ class ApiKey(SQLModel, table=True):  # type: ignore
 
 
 async def reset_all_reserved_balances(session: AsyncSession) -> None:
-    stmt = update(ApiKey).values(reserved_balance=0)
+    stmt = update(ApiKey).values(reserved_balance=0, reserved_at=None)
     await session.exec(stmt)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
     await session.commit()
     logger.info("Reset reserved balances on startup")
 
 
+async def release_stale_reservations(
+    session: AsyncSession, max_age_seconds: int
+) -> int:
+    """Release reservations whose last reserve is older than max_age_seconds.
+    """
+    cutoff = int(time.time()) - max_age_seconds
+    stmt = (
+        update(ApiKey)
+        .where(col(ApiKey.reserved_balance) > 0)
+        .where(col(ApiKey.reserved_at).is_not(None))
+        .where(col(ApiKey.reserved_at) < cutoff)
+        .values(reserved_balance=0, reserved_at=None)
+    )
+    result = await session.exec(stmt)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+    await session.commit()
+    released = int(result.rowcount or 0)
+    if released:
+        logger.warning(
+            "Released stale balance reservations",
+            extra={"released_keys": released, "max_age_seconds": max_age_seconds},
+        )
+    return released
+
+
+async def prune_dead_api_keys(session: AsyncSession, min_age_seconds: int) -> int:
+    """Delete dead parentless API keys; return the count removed.
+
+    Dead = 0 balance/reservation/spend/requests, older than the grace period,
+    no parent, no children, no pending invoice. Cashu rows are unlinked (not
+    deleted) first to keep the audit trail.
+    """
+    cutoff = int(time.time()) - min_age_seconds
+
+    child = aliased(ApiKey)
+    has_children = (
+        select(child.hashed_key).where(
+            col(child.parent_key_hash) == col(ApiKey.hashed_key)
+        )
+    ).exists()
+    pending_invoice = (
+        select(LightningInvoice.id)
+        .where(col(LightningInvoice.api_key_hash) == col(ApiKey.hashed_key))
+        .where(col(LightningInvoice.status) == "pending")
+    ).exists()
+
+    eligible_hashes = (
+        select(ApiKey.hashed_key)
+        .where(col(ApiKey.balance) == 0)
+        .where(col(ApiKey.reserved_balance) == 0)
+        .where(col(ApiKey.total_spent) == 0)
+        .where(col(ApiKey.total_requests) == 0)
+        .where(col(ApiKey.parent_key_hash).is_(None))
+        .where(
+            (col(ApiKey.created_at).is_(None)) | (col(ApiKey.created_at) < cutoff)
+        )
+        .where(~pending_invoice)
+        .where(~has_children)
+    )
+
+    # Unlink transactions rather than cascade-deleting them, so the financial
+    # audit trail survives. The eligibility predicate is re-evaluated inside both
+    # statements so a key that gained balance mid-run is left untouched.
+    await session.exec(  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+        update(CashuTransaction)
+        .where(col(CashuTransaction.api_key_hashed_key).in_(eligible_hashes))
+        .values(api_key_hashed_key=None)
+    )
+
+    result = await session.exec(  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+        delete(ApiKey).where(col(ApiKey.hashed_key).in_(eligible_hashes))
+    )
+    await session.commit()
+
+    pruned = int(result.rowcount or 0)
+    logger.info(
+        "Pruned dead API keys",
+        extra={"pruned_keys": pruned, "min_age_seconds": min_age_seconds},
+    )
+    return pruned
+
+
 class ModelRow(SQLModel, table=True):  # type: ignore
     __tablename__ = "models"
     id: str = Field(primary_key=True)
@@ -132,6 +230,18 @@ class LightningInvoice(SQLModel, table=True):  # type: ignore
     )
     expires_at: int = Field(description="Unix timestamp when invoice expires")
     paid_at: int | None = Field(default=None, description="Unix timestamp when paid")
+    balance_limit: int | None = Field(
+        default=None,
+        description="Max spendable msats for the created key",
+    )
+    balance_limit_reset: str | None = Field(
+        default=None,
+        description="Reset policy for balance limit (daily, weekly, monthly)",
+    )
+    validity_date: int | None = Field(
+        default=None,
+        description="Unix timestamp after which the created key expires",
+    )
 
 
 class CashuTransaction(SQLModel, table=True):  # type: ignore
@@ -209,6 +319,12 @@ class UpstreamProviderRow(SQLModel, table=True):  # type: ignore
         ),
     )
     id: int | None = Field(default=None, primary_key=True)
+    slug: str | None = Field(
+        default=None,
+        unique=True,
+        index=True,
+        description="Stable external slug used for updates via API key.",
+    )
     provider_type: str = Field(
         description="Provider type: custom, openai, anthropic, azure, openrouter, etc."
     )

routstr/core/exceptions.py

@@ -7,11 +7,26 @@ logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
 
 class UpstreamError(Exception):
-    """Exception raised when an upstream provider fails."""
+    """Exception raised when an upstream provider fails.
 
-    def __init__(self, message: str, status_code: int = 502):
+    ``code`` carries a stable, machine-readable classification (e.g.
+    ``UPSTREAM_RATE_LIMIT``) so callers can distinguish failure kinds without
+    string-matching the message. ``details`` holds optional structured,
+    redaction-safe context. Both default to ``None`` for backwards
+    compatibility.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(
+        self,
+        message: str,
+        status_code: int = 502,
+        code: str | None = None,
+        details: dict[str, object] | None = None,
+    ):
         self.message = message
         self.status_code = status_code
+        self.code = code
+        self.details = details
         super().__init__(message)
 
 

routstr/core/logging.py

@@ -51,6 +51,8 @@ from pythonjsonlogger import jsonlogger
 from rich.console import Console
 from rich.logging import RichHandler
 
+from .redaction import redact_obj, redact_org_ids
+
 # Only use RichHandler when stdout is a real TTY. In non-TTY contexts
 # (docker logs, pipes, CI) Rich pads every line to width and wraps long
 # records, producing visually-empty trailing whitespace and split records.
@@ -180,6 +182,37 @@ class RequestIdFilter(logging.Filter):
         return True
 
 
+# Standard ``LogRecord`` attributes that are never user-supplied ``extra``
+# fields; skipped when redacting structured extras (``msg``/``message`` are
+# handled separately above).
+_NON_EXTRA_RECORD_ATTRS = frozenset(
+    {
+        "name",
+        "msg",
+        "args",
+        "levelname",
+        "levelno",
+        "pathname",
+        "filename",
+        "module",
+        "exc_info",
+        "exc_text",
+        "stack_info",
+        "lineno",
+        "funcName",
+        "created",
+        "msecs",
+        "relativeCreated",
+        "thread",
+        "threadName",
+        "processName",
+        "process",
+        "taskName",
+        "message",
+    }
+)
+
+
 class SecurityFilter(logging.Filter):
     """Filter to remove sensitive information from logs."""
 
@@ -203,6 +236,7 @@ class SecurityFilter(logging.Filter):
         """Filter out sensitive information from log records."""
         try:
             message = record.getMessage()
+            message = redact_org_ids(message)
             standalone_patterns = [
                 r"Bearer\s+([a-zA-Z0-9_\-\.]{10,})",  # Bearer token (must be 10 characters or more to reduce false-positives)
                 r"cashu[A-Z]+([a-zA-Z0-9_\-\.=/+]+)",  # Cashu tokens
@@ -224,6 +258,16 @@ class SecurityFilter(logging.Filter):
             record.msg = message
             record.args = ()
 
+            # Structured `extra={...}` fields are emitted by the JSON formatter
+            # straight from the record dict and never pass through the message
+            # formatting above. Redact organization IDs from any string-valued
+            # extra so they cannot leak via structured logs.
+            for attr, value in list(record.__dict__.items()):
+                if attr in _NON_EXTRA_RECORD_ATTRS:
+                    continue
+                if isinstance(value, (str, dict, list, tuple)):
+                    record.__dict__[attr] = redact_obj(value)
+
         except Exception:
             pass
 

routstr/core/main.py

@@ -11,7 +11,11 @@ from starlette.exceptions import HTTPException
 from starlette.responses import Response as StarletteResponse
 from starlette.types import Scope
 
-from ..auth import periodic_key_reset
+from ..auth import (
+    periodic_dead_key_prune,
+    periodic_key_reset,
+    periodic_stale_reservation_sweep,
+)
 from ..balance import balance_router, deprecated_wallet_router
 from ..lightning import lightning_router, periodic_invoice_watcher
 from ..nostr import (
@@ -24,6 +28,7 @@ from ..payment.models import models_router, update_sats_pricing
 from ..payment.price import update_prices_periodically
 from ..proxy import initialize_upstreams, proxy_router, refresh_model_maps_periodically
 from ..upstream.auto_topup import periodic_auto_topup
+from ..upstream.deepseek_v4_pricing_shim import register_deepseek_v4_pricing
 from ..upstream.litellm_routing import configure_litellm
 from ..wallet import periodic_payout, periodic_refund_sweep, periodic_routstr_fee_payout
 from .admin import admin_router
@@ -54,6 +59,8 @@ async def lifespan(_: FastAPI) -> AsyncGenerator[None, None]:
     models_refresh_task = None
     model_maps_refresh_task = None
     key_reset_task = None
+    stale_reservation_task = None
+    dead_key_prune_task = None
     auto_topup_task = None
     refund_sweep_task = None
     routstr_fee_task = None
@@ -64,6 +71,11 @@ async def lifespan(_: FastAPI) -> AsyncGenerator[None, None]:
         # debug logging) before any upstream provider dispatches a request.
         configure_litellm()
 
+        # TEMPORARY: backfill DeepSeek V4 pricing missing from litellm's cost
+        # map (BerriAI/litellm#30430). Remove this call and
+        # deepseek_v4_pricing_shim.py once litellm ships these models.
+        register_deepseek_v4_pricing()
+
         # Run database migrations on startup
         run_migrations()
 
@@ -122,6 +134,10 @@ async def lifespan(_: FastAPI) -> AsyncGenerator[None, None]:
         if global_settings.providers_refresh_interval_seconds > 0:
             providers_task = asyncio.create_task(providers_cache_refresher())
         key_reset_task = asyncio.create_task(periodic_key_reset())
+        stale_reservation_task = asyncio.create_task(
+            periodic_stale_reservation_sweep()
+        )
+        dead_key_prune_task = asyncio.create_task(periodic_dead_key_prune())
         auto_topup_task = asyncio.create_task(periodic_auto_topup())
         refund_sweep_task = asyncio.create_task(periodic_refund_sweep())
         routstr_fee_task = asyncio.create_task(periodic_routstr_fee_payout())
@@ -159,6 +175,10 @@ async def lifespan(_: FastAPI) -> AsyncGenerator[None, None]:
             model_maps_refresh_task.cancel()
         if key_reset_task is not None:
             key_reset_task.cancel()
+        if stale_reservation_task is not None:
+            stale_reservation_task.cancel()
+        if dead_key_prune_task is not None:
+            dead_key_prune_task.cancel()
         if auto_topup_task is not None:
             auto_topup_task.cancel()
         if refund_sweep_task is not None:
@@ -188,6 +208,10 @@ async def lifespan(_: FastAPI) -> AsyncGenerator[None, None]:
                 tasks_to_wait.append(model_maps_refresh_task)
             if key_reset_task is not None:
                 tasks_to_wait.append(key_reset_task)
+            if stale_reservation_task is not None:
+                tasks_to_wait.append(stale_reservation_task)
+            if dead_key_prune_task is not None:
+                tasks_to_wait.append(dead_key_prune_task)
             if auto_topup_task is not None:
                 tasks_to_wait.append(auto_topup_task)
             if refund_sweep_task is not None:
@@ -355,7 +379,10 @@ if UI_DIST_PATH.exists() and UI_DIST_PATH.is_dir():
 
 else:
     logger.warning(
-        f"UI dist directory not found at {UI_DIST_PATH}, skipping static file serving"
+        "UI dist directory not found at %s; serving API only. Run `make ui-build` "
+        "to build the static UI served from here, or `make ui-dev` for the Next.js "
+        "dev server with hot reload on :3000 (it targets this backend on :8000).",
+        UI_DIST_PATH,
     )
 
     @app.get("/", include_in_schema=False)

routstr/core/provider_slugs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,65 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from itertools import count
+from typing import Collection
+
+from sqlmodel import select
+from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
+
+from .db import UpstreamProviderRow
+
+_SLUG_BASE_PATTERN = re.compile(r"[^a-z0-9]+")
+_MAX_SLUG_LENGTH = 64
+
+
+def provider_slug_base(provider_type: str) -> str:
+    """Return a deterministic slug base for a provider type."""
+    base = _SLUG_BASE_PATTERN.sub("-", provider_type.lower()).strip("-")
+    if not base:
+        base = "provider"
+    elif base.isdigit():
+        base = f"provider-{base}"
+    elif len(base) < 3:
+        base = f"{base}-provider"
+
+    if len(base) > _MAX_SLUG_LENGTH:
+        base = base[:_MAX_SLUG_LENGTH].rstrip("-") or "provider"
+    return base
+
+
+def provider_slug_candidate(base: str, suffix_number: int) -> str:
+    if suffix_number == 1:
+        return base
+
+    suffix = f"-{suffix_number}"
+    max_base_length = _MAX_SLUG_LENGTH - len(suffix)
+    return f"{base[:max_base_length].rstrip('-')}{suffix}"
+
+
+async def allocate_unique_provider_slug(
+    session: AsyncSession,
+    provider_type: str,
+    reserved_slugs: Collection[str] = (),
+) -> str:
+    """Allocate a stable, deterministic provider slug.
+
+    The first provider of a type gets ``openai``; later collisions get
+    ``openai-2``, ``openai-3``, etc. ``reserved_slugs`` covers rows staged in
+    memory but not flushed yet, such as settings/env seeding.
+    """
+    base = provider_slug_base(provider_type)
+    reserved = {slug.lower() for slug in reserved_slugs}
+
+    for suffix_number in count(1):
+        candidate = provider_slug_candidate(base, suffix_number)
+        if candidate in reserved:
+            continue
+
+        result = await session.exec(
+            select(UpstreamProviderRow).where(UpstreamProviderRow.slug == candidate)
+        )
+        if result.first() is None:
+            return candidate
+
+    raise RuntimeError("unreachable")

routstr/core/redaction.py

@@ -0,0 +1,51 @@
+"""Redaction helpers for sensitive provider identifiers.
+
+Single source of truth for stripping account-scoped identifiers (e.g. OpenAI
+organization IDs) from any text before it is logged, returned to a caller, or
+written to an audit entry.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from typing import Any
+
+# OpenAI-style organization identifiers look like ``org-<base62>``. Require at
+# least 6 trailing chars so the already-redacted literal ``org-[REDACTED]`` is
+# never re-matched (``[`` is not in the character class).
+_ORG_ID_PATTERN = re.compile(r"\borg-[A-Za-z0-9]{6,}\b")
+
+ORG_ID_PLACEHOLDER = "org-[REDACTED]"
+
+
+def redact_org_ids(text: str) -> str:
+    """Replace OpenAI-style organization IDs with ``org-[REDACTED]``.
+
+    Args:
+        text: Arbitrary text that may embed an ``org-*`` identifier.
+
+    Returns:
+        The text with every organization ID replaced. Non-string input is
+        returned unchanged after coercion to ``str``.
+    """
+    if not text:
+        return text
+    return _ORG_ID_PATTERN.sub(ORG_ID_PLACEHOLDER, text)
+
+
+def redact_obj(obj: Any) -> Any:
+    """Recursively redact organization IDs in arbitrary nested structures.
+
+    Strings are redacted in place; dicts and lists/tuples are walked so that
+    identifiers nested inside structured payloads (e.g. log ``extra`` fields or
+    error ``details``) are also stripped. Other types are returned unchanged.
+    """
+    if isinstance(obj, str):
+        return redact_org_ids(obj)
+    if isinstance(obj, dict):
+        return {key: redact_obj(value) for key, value in obj.items()}
+    if isinstance(obj, list):
+        return [redact_obj(value) for value in obj]
+    if isinstance(obj, tuple):
+        return tuple(redact_obj(value) for value in obj)
+    return obj

routstr/core/settings.py

@@ -67,6 +67,20 @@ class Settings(BaseSettings):
     reset_reserved_balance_on_startup: bool = Field(
         default=True, env="RESET_RESERVED_BALANCE_ON_STARTUP"
     )  # deactivate in horizontal scaling setups
+    # Reservations older than this are considered leaked (client disconnect,
+    # crash, abandoned stream) and released by the background sweeper and the
+    # refund endpoint.
+    stale_reservation_timeout_seconds: int = Field(
+        default=300, env="STALE_RESERVATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS"
+    )
+    # Background prune of dead (zero balance, never used) API keys.
+    # Interval 0 disables it; min-age is a grace period (default 1 week).
+    dead_key_prune_interval_seconds: int = Field(
+        default=3600, env="DEAD_KEY_PRUNE_INTERVAL_SECONDS"
+    )
+    dead_key_min_age_seconds: int = Field(
+        default=604_800, env="DEAD_KEY_MIN_AGE_SECONDS"
+    )
 
     # Network
     cors_origins: list[str] = Field(default_factory=lambda: ["*"], env="CORS_ORIGINS")

routstr/core/version.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ import subprocess
 from functools import lru_cache
 from pathlib import Path
 
-BASE_VERSION = "0.4.3"
+BASE_VERSION = "0.4.4"
 
 _REPO_ROOT = Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2]
 _GIT_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 2.0

routstr/lightning.py

@@ -269,6 +269,9 @@ async def create_api_key_from_invoice(
         balance=invoice.amount_sats * 1000,  # Convert to msats
         refund_currency="sat",
         refund_mint_url=settings.primary_mint,
+        balance_limit=invoice.balance_limit,
+        balance_limit_reset=invoice.balance_limit_reset,
+        validity_date=invoice.validity_date,
     )
 
     session.add(api_key)

routstr/payment/cost_calculation.py

@@ -3,9 +3,17 @@ import math
 from pydantic.v1 import BaseModel
 
 from ..core import get_logger
-from ..core.db import AsyncSession
 from ..core.settings import settings
 from .price import sats_usd_price
+from .usage import normalize_usage, parse_token_count
+
+__all__ = [
+    "CostData",
+    "CostDataError",
+    "MaxCostData",
+    "calculate_cost",
+    "parse_token_count",
+]
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -33,8 +41,31 @@ class CostDataError(BaseModel):
     code: str
 
 
+def _empty_cost(cls: type[CostData] = CostData) -> CostData:
+    """Build an all-zero cost object — a full refund for an empty response.
+
+    Shared by the two paths that must not bill: an upstream response with no
+    usage data at all, and one that reports a USD cost but carries zero tokens
+    in every bucket.
+    """
+    return cls(
+        base_msats=0,
+        input_msats=0,
+        output_msats=0,
+        total_msats=0,
+        total_usd=0.0,
+        input_tokens=0,
+        output_tokens=0,
+        cache_read_input_tokens=0,
+        cache_creation_input_tokens=0,
+        cache_read_msats=0,
+        cache_creation_msats=0,
+    )
+
+
 async def calculate_cost(
-    response_data: dict, max_cost: int, session: AsyncSession
+    response_data: dict,
+    max_cost: int,
 ) -> CostData | MaxCostData | CostDataError:
     """Calculate the cost of an API request based on token usage.
 
@@ -44,6 +75,9 @@ async def calculate_cost(
 
     Returns:
         Cost data or error information
+
+    The response's usage object is normalized with the default union parser;
+    this function holds no vendor-dialect knowledge of its own.
     """
     logger.debug(
         "Starting cost calculation",
@@ -54,8 +88,9 @@ async def calculate_cost(
         },
     )
 
-    # Check for usage data
-    if "usage" not in response_data or response_data["usage"] is None:
+    usage = normalize_usage(response_data.get("usage"))
+
+    if usage is None:
         logger.warning(
             "No usage data in response — billing at MaxCostData with zero "
             "tokens. Dashboard will show this request as `(0+0)`. Most "
@@ -70,34 +105,41 @@ async def calculate_cost(
                 else None,
             },
         )
-        return MaxCostData(
-            base_msats=0,
-            input_msats=0,
-            output_msats=0,
-            total_msats=0,
-            total_usd=0.0,
-            input_tokens=0,
-            output_tokens=0,
-            cache_read_input_tokens=0,
-            cache_creation_input_tokens=0,
-            cache_read_msats=0,
-            cache_creation_msats=0,
-        )
+        return _empty_cost(MaxCostData)
 
-    usage_data = response_data["usage"]
+    usage_data = response_data.get("usage") or {}
+    if not isinstance(usage_data, dict):
+        usage_data = {}
 
-    # Extract token counts
-    input_tokens = _extract_token_pair(usage_data, "prompt_tokens", "input_tokens")
-    output_tokens = _extract_token_pair(usage_data, "completion_tokens", "output_tokens")
-
-    # Extract cache tokens (handles OpenAI vs Anthropic formats)
-    cache_read_tokens, cache_creation_tokens, input_tokens = _extract_cache_tokens(
-        usage_data, input_tokens
-    )
+    input_tokens = usage.input_tokens
+    output_tokens = usage.output_tokens
+    cache_read_tokens = usage.cache_read_tokens
+    cache_creation_tokens = usage.cache_write_tokens
 
     # Try USD cost first
     usd_cost = _resolve_usd_cost(usage_data, response_data)
     if usd_cost > 0:
+        truly_empty = (
+            input_tokens == 0
+            and output_tokens == 0
+            and cache_read_tokens == 0
+            and cache_creation_tokens == 0
+        )
+        if truly_empty:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Upstream reported a USD cost but the response carries no "
+                "tokens at all (input, output, cache-read and cache-creation "
+                "are all zero) — refunding in full rather than billing the "
+                "USD-derived cost for an empty response.",
+                extra={
+                    "model": response_data.get("model", "unknown"),
+                    "usd_cost": usd_cost,
+                    "usage_keys": sorted(usage_data.keys())
+                    if isinstance(usage_data, dict)
+                    else None,
+                },
+            )
+            return _empty_cost()
         if input_tokens == 0 and output_tokens == 0:
             logger.warning(
                 "Upstream reported a USD cost but no token counts — "
@@ -202,22 +244,6 @@ async def calculate_cost(
 # ============================================================================
 
 
-def parse_token_count(value: object) -> int:
-    """Parse a token count from various formats (int, float, str, bool)."""
-    if isinstance(value, bool):
-        return 0
-    if isinstance(value, int):
-        return max(0, value)
-    if isinstance(value, float):
-        return max(0, int(value))
-    if isinstance(value, str):
-        try:
-            return max(0, int(float(value)))
-        except ValueError:
-            return 0
-    return 0
-
-
 def _coerce_usd(value: object) -> float:
     """Coerce a value to USD float, handling various formats safely."""
     if value is None or isinstance(value, bool):
@@ -230,37 +256,6 @@ def _coerce_usd(value: object) -> float:
         return 0.0
 
 
-def _extract_token_pair(
-    usage_data: dict, standard_field: str, alt_field: str
-) -> int:
-    """Extract token count trying two field names in order."""
-    value = parse_token_count(usage_data.get(standard_field, 0))
-    if value > 0:
-        return value
-    return parse_token_count(usage_data.get(alt_field, 0))
-
-
-def _extract_cache_tokens(usage_data: dict, input_tokens: int) -> tuple[int, int, int]:
-    """Extract cache tokens, handling OpenAI vs Anthropic formats.
-
-    Returns: (cache_read_tokens, cache_creation_tokens, adjusted_input_tokens)
-    """
-    cache_read = parse_token_count(usage_data.get("cache_read_input_tokens", 0))
-    cache_creation = parse_token_count(
-        usage_data.get("cache_creation_input_tokens", 0)
-    )
-
-    # OpenAI: cache is included in input_tokens, subtract it
-    prompt_details = usage_data.get("prompt_tokens_details")
-    if isinstance(prompt_details, dict) and not cache_read:
-        openai_cached = parse_token_count(prompt_details.get("cached_tokens", 0))
-        if openai_cached:
-            cache_read = openai_cached
-            input_tokens = max(0, input_tokens - cache_read)
-
-    return cache_read, cache_creation, input_tokens
-
-
 def _resolve_usd_cost(usage_data: dict, response_data: dict) -> float:
     """Resolve USD cost with clear priority order.
 
@@ -454,10 +449,21 @@ def _calculate_from_tokens(
         },
     )
 
+    # Fold the cache-read/write cost into the visible ``input_msats`` so a
+    # dashboard that renders I / O / T sees ``input + output == total``
+    # exactly. This mirrors ``_fold_cache_into_input_tokens`` (which rolls the
+    # cache token counts into the visible prompt total). The standalone
+    # ``cache_read_msats`` / ``cache_creation_msats`` fields stay populated for
+    # clients that want the breakdown; nothing sums the components to derive
+    # ``total_msats`` (it is computed independently above), so this is
+    # display-only and does not change what is billed.
+    visible_output_msats = int(calc_output_msats)
+    visible_input_msats = token_based_cost - visible_output_msats
+
     return CostData(
         base_msats=0,
-        input_msats=int(calc_input_msats),
-        output_msats=int(calc_output_msats),
+        input_msats=visible_input_msats,
+        output_msats=visible_output_msats,
         total_msats=token_based_cost,
         total_usd=total_usd,
         input_tokens=input_tokens,

routstr/payment/helpers.py

@@ -11,6 +11,8 @@ from PIL import Image
 from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
 
 from ..core import get_logger
+from ..core.exceptions import UpstreamError
+from ..core.redaction import redact_org_ids
 from ..core.settings import settings
 from ..wallet import deserialize_token_from_string
 
@@ -418,16 +420,27 @@ def create_error_response(
     status_code: int,
     request: Request,
     token: str | None = None,
+    code: str | int | None = None,
+    details: dict[str, object] | None = None,
 ) -> Response:
-    """Create a standardized error response."""
+    """Create a standardized error response.
+
+    ``code`` is a stable, machine-readable classification (e.g.
+    ``UPSTREAM_RATE_LIMIT``); when omitted it defaults to the HTTP status code
+    for backwards compatibility. ``details`` carries optional structured,
+    redaction-safe context.
+    """
+    error_obj: dict[str, object] = {
+        "message": redact_org_ids(message),
+        "type": error_type,
+        "code": code if code is not None else status_code,
+    }
+    if details is not None:
+        error_obj["details"] = details
     return Response(
         content=json.dumps(
             {
-                "error": {
-                    "message": message,
-                    "type": error_type,
-                    "code": status_code,
-                },
+                "error": error_obj,
                 "request_id": getattr(request.state, "request_id", "unknown"),
             }
         ),
@@ -435,3 +448,20 @@ def create_error_response(
         media_type="application/json",
         headers={"X-Cashu": token} if token else {},
     )
+
+
+def create_upstream_error_response(
+    error: UpstreamError,
+    request: Request,
+    fallback_status: int = 502,
+) -> Response:
+    """Build an error response from an :class:`UpstreamError`, preserving its
+    structured ``code``, ``details``, and original ``status_code``."""
+    return create_error_response(
+        "upstream_error",
+        str(error),
+        error.status_code or fallback_status,
+        request=request,
+        code=getattr(error, "code", None),
+        details=getattr(error, "details", None),
+    )

routstr/payment/models.py

@@ -3,7 +3,7 @@ import json
 import random
 
 import httpx
-from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends
+from fastapi import APIRouter, Depends, HTTPException, Request
 from pydantic import BaseModel as V2BaseModel
 from pydantic.v1 import BaseModel
 from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
@@ -17,6 +17,24 @@ logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
 models_router = APIRouter()
 
+_MODEL_TEST_ENDPOINT_PATHS = {
+    "chat-completions": "chat/completions",
+    "completions": "completions",
+    "embeddings": "embeddings",
+    "responses": "responses",
+}
+
+# Cap the caller-supplied test payload to avoid forwarding oversized bodies
+# upstream on the operator's credentials.
+_MODEL_TEST_MAX_REQUEST_BYTES = 64 * 1024
+
+
+async def _require_admin_api(request: Request) -> None:
+    """Require admin auth without creating an import-time cycle with core.admin."""
+    from ..core.admin import require_admin_api
+
+    await require_admin_api(request)
+
 
 class Architecture(BaseModel):
     modality: str
@@ -67,6 +85,64 @@ class Model(BaseModel):
         return hash(self.id)
 
 
+def litellm_cost_entry(model_id: str) -> dict | None:
+    """Look up ``model_id`` in litellm's bundled cost map.
+
+    litellm ships per-model USD rates keyed by the exact OpenRouter id
+    (``deepseek/deepseek-chat``) or the bare model name (``gpt-4o``,
+    ``claude-sonnet-4-5``), so both spellings are tried. Keys are lowercase, so
+    a mixed-case upstream id (``deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V4-Flash``) is retried via
+    a case-insensitive scan. Returns the matched cost dict, or ``None``.
+    """
+    import litellm
+
+    candidates = (model_id, model_id.split("/", 1)[-1])
+    for key in candidates:
+        info = litellm.model_cost.get(key)
+        if isinstance(info, dict):
+            return info
+
+    lowered = {c.lower() for c in candidates}
+    for key, info in litellm.model_cost.items():
+        if isinstance(key, str) and key.lower() in lowered and isinstance(info, dict):
+            return info
+    return None
+
+
+def backfill_cache_pricing(model_id: str, pricing: Pricing) -> Pricing:
+    """Fill missing cache rates from litellm's bundled cost map.
+
+    The OpenRouter model feed omits ``input_cache_read``/``input_cache_write``
+    for many models (most DeepSeek entries, openai/gpt-4o, ...). Without a
+    cache rate, billing falls back to the full input rate, which overcharges
+    cache reads (DeepSeek hits are 10x cheaper) and undercharges Anthropic
+    cache writes (1.25x). The lookup (see ``litellm_cost_entry``) tries both
+    id spellings and a case-insensitive fallback.
+
+    Rates already present (e.g. provided by OpenRouter) are authoritative and
+    never overwritten. Unknown models are returned unchanged.
+    """
+    needs_read = (pricing.input_cache_read or 0.0) <= 0.0
+    needs_write = (pricing.input_cache_write or 0.0) <= 0.0
+    if not (needs_read or needs_write):
+        return pricing
+
+    info = litellm_cost_entry(model_id)
+    if info is None:
+        return pricing
+
+    updated = Pricing.parse_obj(pricing.dict())
+    if needs_read:
+        read_rate = info.get("cache_read_input_token_cost")
+        if isinstance(read_rate, (int, float)) and read_rate > 0:
+            updated.input_cache_read = float(read_rate)
+    if needs_write:
+        write_rate = info.get("cache_creation_input_token_cost")
+        if isinstance(write_rate, (int, float)) and write_rate > 0:
+            updated.input_cache_write = float(write_rate)
+    return updated
+
+
 def _has_valid_pricing(model: dict) -> bool:
     """Check if model has valid pricing (not free, no negative values)."""
     pricing = model.get("pricing", {})
@@ -155,13 +231,29 @@ def _row_to_model(
     )
     top_provider_dict = json.loads(row.top_provider) if row.top_provider else None
 
-    if apply_provider_fee and isinstance(pricing, dict):
-        pricing = {k: float(v) * provider_fee for k, v in pricing.items()}
-
     if isinstance(pricing, dict) and float(pricing.get("request", 0.0)) <= 0.0:
         pricing["request"] = max(pricing.get("request", 0.0), 0.0)
 
     parsed_pricing = Pricing.parse_obj(pricing)
+
+    # Fill missing cache-read/write rates from litellm's cost map BEFORE applying
+    # the provider fee, so they carry the same markup as every other component.
+    # DB-stored override pricing (e.g. generic providers) omits cache rates;
+    # without this, ``_row_to_model`` bills cache reads at the full input rate —
+    # the ``_apply_provider_fee_to_model`` path backfills, but the override path
+    # used for admin-configured providers did not.
+    #
+    # Key on ``forwarded_model_id`` (the actual upstream model name litellm
+    # prices) when set: an alias row (id="local-alias",
+    # forwarded_model_id="deepseek-v4-flash") would otherwise look up the alias
+    # and miss the cache rate.
+    pricing_model_id = getattr(row, "forwarded_model_id", None) or row.id
+    parsed_pricing = backfill_cache_pricing(pricing_model_id, parsed_pricing)
+
+    if apply_provider_fee:
+        parsed_pricing = Pricing.parse_obj(
+            {k: float(v) * provider_fee for k, v in parsed_pricing.dict().items()}
+        )
     model = Model(
         id=row.id,
         name=row.name,
@@ -418,7 +510,9 @@ class ModelTestRequest(V2BaseModel):
     request_data: dict
 
 
-@models_router.post("/api/models/test")
+@models_router.post(
+    "/api/models/test", dependencies=[Depends(_require_admin_api)]
+)
 async def test_model(
     payload: ModelTestRequest,
     session: AsyncSession = Depends(get_session),
@@ -446,16 +540,35 @@ async def test_model(
             "status_code": 404,
         }
 
-    base_url = provider.base_url.rstrip("/")
-    if payload.endpoint_type == "chat-completions":
-        url = f"{base_url}/chat/completions"
-    else:
-        url = f"{base_url}/{payload.endpoint_type}"
+    endpoint_path = _MODEL_TEST_ENDPOINT_PATHS.get(payload.endpoint_type)
+    if endpoint_path is None:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Unsupported endpoint_type")
 
     actual_model_id = model_row.forwarded_model_id or model_row.id
     request_data = dict(payload.request_data)
     request_data["model"] = actual_model_id
 
+    try:
+        request_size = len(json.dumps(request_data).encode("utf-8"))
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Invalid request_data")
+    if request_size > _MODEL_TEST_MAX_REQUEST_BYTES:
+        raise HTTPException(status_code=413, detail="request_data too large")
+
+    base_url = provider.base_url.rstrip("/")
+    url = f"{base_url}/{endpoint_path}"
+
+    logger.info(
+        "admin model test",
+        extra={
+            "model_id": payload.model_id,
+            "forwarded_model_id": actual_model_id,
+            "endpoint_type": payload.endpoint_type,
+            "upstream_provider_id": model_row.upstream_provider_id,
+            "request_bytes": request_size,
+        },
+    )
+
     headers = {
         "Content-Type": "application/json",
         "Authorization": f"Bearer {provider.api_key}",

routstr/payment/usage.py

@@ -0,0 +1,131 @@
+"""Vendor-agnostic normalization of upstream usage objects.
+
+Upstream providers report token usage in vendor dialects that differ in field
+names and in whether cached tokens are included in the input count:
+
+* OpenAI / Azure / xAI / Groq / Moonshot / Qwen / Gemini-compat: cache reads in
+  ``prompt_tokens_details.cached_tokens``, included in ``prompt_tokens``.
+* OpenRouter: same as OpenAI plus cache *writes* in
+  ``prompt_tokens_details.cache_write_tokens``, also included in
+  ``prompt_tokens``.
+* litellm-normalized: same nesting, but names the write field
+  ``prompt_tokens_details.cache_creation_tokens`` (and additionally mirrors the
+  Anthropic top-level fields), with ``prompt_tokens`` as the grand total.
+* Anthropic native: ``cache_read_input_tokens`` / ``cache_creation_input_tokens``
+  top-level, additive to (not included in) ``input_tokens``.
+* DeepSeek: ``prompt_cache_hit_tokens`` / ``prompt_cache_miss_tokens``, with
+  ``prompt_tokens = hit + miss``.
+
+What decides whether cached tokens must be subtracted out of the input count is
+**which prompt field the vendor uses**, not which cache field appears:
+
+* ``prompt_tokens`` present -> cached + cache-write tokens are *included* in it
+  (OpenAI family, DeepSeek, OpenRouter, litellm); subtract both so
+  ``input_tokens`` holds only the regular-rate portion.
+* only ``input_tokens`` (Anthropic native) -> cached tokens are *additive*;
+  leave ``input_tokens`` untouched.
+
+``normalize_usage`` maps all of them onto one canonical ``NormalizedUsage``
+shape so billing code needs no vendor knowledge. The known dialects' field
+names do not collide, so a single union parser is safe; a vendor whose fields
+would genuinely conflict needs a dedicated branch here.
+"""
+
+from pydantic.v1 import BaseModel
+
+
+class NormalizedUsage(BaseModel):
+    """Canonical token usage: input_tokens never includes cached tokens."""
+
+    input_tokens: int = 0
+    output_tokens: int = 0
+    cache_read_tokens: int = 0
+    cache_write_tokens: int = 0
+
+
+def parse_token_count(value: object) -> int:
+    """Parse a token count from various formats (int, float, str, bool)."""
+    if isinstance(value, bool):
+        return 0
+    if isinstance(value, int):
+        return max(0, value)
+    if isinstance(value, float):
+        return max(0, int(value))
+    if isinstance(value, str):
+        try:
+            return max(0, int(float(value)))
+        except ValueError:
+            return 0
+    return 0
+
+
+def _first_token_count(usage_data: dict, *fields: str) -> int:
+    """Return the first positive token count among the given fields."""
+    for field in fields:
+        value = parse_token_count(usage_data.get(field, 0))
+        if value > 0:
+            return value
+    return 0
+
+
+def _extract_cache_tokens(usage_data: dict) -> tuple[int, int]:
+    """Pull (cache_read, cache_write) across all known dialects.
+
+    Precedence (highest first), independent for reads and writes:
+
+    * Anthropic top-level: ``cache_read_input_tokens`` /
+      ``cache_creation_input_tokens``.
+    * Nested ``prompt_tokens_details``: ``cached_tokens`` for reads;
+      ``cache_creation_tokens`` (litellm) or ``cache_write_tokens``
+      (OpenRouter) for writes.
+    * DeepSeek: ``prompt_cache_hit_tokens`` for reads (no write concept).
+    """
+    cache_read = parse_token_count(usage_data.get("cache_read_input_tokens", 0))
+    cache_write = parse_token_count(usage_data.get("cache_creation_input_tokens", 0))
+
+    prompt_details = usage_data.get("prompt_tokens_details")
+    if isinstance(prompt_details, dict):
+        if not cache_read:
+            cache_read = parse_token_count(prompt_details.get("cached_tokens", 0))
+        if not cache_write:
+            cache_write = _first_token_count(
+                prompt_details, "cache_creation_tokens", "cache_write_tokens"
+            )
+
+    if not cache_read:
+        # DeepSeek: prompt_tokens = prompt_cache_hit_tokens + prompt_cache_miss_tokens
+        cache_read = parse_token_count(usage_data.get("prompt_cache_hit_tokens", 0))
+
+    return cache_read, cache_write
+
+
+def normalize_usage(usage_data: object) -> NormalizedUsage | None:
+    """Map a vendor usage dict onto the canonical shape, or None if absent.
+
+    Cached reads and writes are subtracted from the input count exactly once,
+    only for dialects that report a ``prompt_tokens`` grand total that already
+    includes them (OpenAI family, DeepSeek, OpenRouter, litellm). Anthropic
+    native reports them additively under ``input_tokens`` and is left untouched.
+    """
+    if not isinstance(usage_data, dict):
+        return None
+
+    output_tokens = _first_token_count(
+        usage_data, "completion_tokens", "output_tokens"
+    )
+    cache_read, cache_write = _extract_cache_tokens(usage_data)
+
+    # ``prompt_tokens`` is the inclusive grand total; ``input_tokens`` (Anthropic
+    # native) excludes cached tokens. The field chosen decides whether to subtract.
+    if "prompt_tokens" in usage_data:
+        input_tokens = parse_token_count(usage_data.get("prompt_tokens", 0))
+        input_tokens = max(0, input_tokens - cache_read - cache_write)
+    else:
+        input_tokens = parse_token_count(usage_data.get("input_tokens", 0))
+
+    return NormalizedUsage(
+        input_tokens=input_tokens,
+        output_tokens=output_tokens,
+        cache_read_tokens=cache_read,
+        cache_write_tokens=cache_write,
+    )

routstr/proxy.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import asyncio
 import json
 from typing import Any
 
@@ -23,11 +24,13 @@ from .payment.helpers import (
     calculate_discounted_max_cost,
     check_token_balance,
     create_error_response,
+    create_upstream_error_response,
     get_max_cost_for_model,
 )
 from .payment.models import Model
 from .upstream import BaseUpstreamProvider
 from .upstream.helpers import init_upstreams
+from .upstream.request_correction import correct_request, extract_error_message
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 proxy_router = APIRouter()
@@ -209,9 +212,7 @@ async def proxy(
                     e,
                 )
                 if i == len(all_upstreams) - 1:
-                    last_error_response = create_error_response(
-                        "upstream_error", str(e), 502, request=request
-                    )
+                    last_error_response = create_upstream_error_response(e, request)
                 continue
         return last_error_response or create_error_response(
             "upstream_error", "All upstreams failed", 502, request=request
@@ -281,11 +282,10 @@ async def proxy(
                     last_error = e
                 continue
 
+        if last_error is not None:
+            return create_upstream_error_response(last_error, request)
         return create_error_response(
-            "upstream_error",
-            str(last_error) if last_error else "All upstreams failed",
-            502,
-            request=request,
+            "upstream_error", "All upstreams failed", 502, request=request
         )
 
     elif auth := headers.get("authorization", None):
@@ -341,9 +341,7 @@ async def proxy(
             except UpstreamError as e:
                 logger.warning(f"Upstream {upstream.provider_type} failed (GET): {e}")
                 if i == len(upstreams) - 1:
-                    last_error_response = create_error_response(
-                        "upstream_error", str(e), 502, request=request
-                    )
+                    last_error_response = create_upstream_error_response(e, request)
                 continue
         return last_error_response or create_error_response(
             "upstream_error", "All upstreams failed", 502, request=request
@@ -352,50 +350,86 @@ async def proxy(
     if request_body_dict:
         await pay_for_request(key, max_cost_for_model, session)
 
+    # Tracks request params already removed in response to upstream rejections,
+    # shared across providers so a stripped param stays stripped on failover and
+    # the reactive retry can never loop unboundedly.
+    already_stripped: set[str] = set()
+
     for i, upstream in enumerate(upstreams):
         headers = upstream.prepare_headers(dict(request.headers))
 
         try:
-            try:
-                if is_responses_api:
-                    response = await upstream.forward_responses_request(
-                        request,
-                        path,
-                        headers,
-                        request_body,
-                        key,
-                        max_cost_for_model,
-                        session,
-                        model_obj,
+            while True:
+                try:
+                    if is_responses_api:
+                        response = await upstream.forward_responses_request(
+                            request,
+                            path,
+                            headers,
+                            request_body,
+                            key,
+                            max_cost_for_model,
+                            session,
+                            model_obj,
+                        )
+                    else:
+                        response = await upstream.forward_request(
+                            request,
+                            path,
+                            headers,
+                            request_body,
+                            key,
+                            max_cost_for_model,
+                            session,
+                            model_obj,
+                        )
+                except UpstreamError:
+                    # Let the outer UpstreamError handler manage retry/revert
+                    raise
+                except Exception as e:
+                    # Unexpected error (not an upstream failure) — revert and propagate
+                    logger.error(
+                        "Unexpected error in upstream request, reverting payment",
+                        extra={
+                            "error": str(e),
+                            "error_type": type(e).__name__,
+                            "path": path,
+                            "key_hash": key.hashed_key[:8] + "...",
+                            "max_cost_for_model": max_cost_for_model,
+                        },
                     )
-                else:
-                    response = await upstream.forward_request(
-                        request,
-                        path,
-                        headers,
+                    await revert_pay_for_request(key, session, max_cost_for_model)
+                    raise
+
+                # Reactive recovery: some models reject one specific request
+                # param (e.g. newer Anthropic models deprecating `temperature`).
+                # When the upstream 400s naming such a param, strip it from the
+                # body and retry the SAME upstream. ``already_stripped`` bounds
+                # this to one retry per distinct param so it always terminates.
+                if response.status_code == 400:
+                    correction = correct_request(
                         request_body,
-                        key,
-                        max_cost_for_model,
-                        session,
-                        model_obj,
+                        extract_error_message(response),
+                        already_stripped,
                     )
-            except UpstreamError:
-                # Let the outer UpstreamError handler manage retry/revert
-                raise
-            except Exception as e:
-                # Unexpected error (not an upstream failure) — revert and propagate
-                logger.error(
-                    "Unexpected error in upstream request, reverting payment",
-                    extra={
-                        "error": str(e),
-                        "error_type": type(e).__name__,
-                        "path": path,
-                        "key_hash": key.hashed_key[:8] + "...",
-                        "max_cost_for_model": max_cost_for_model,
-                    },
-                )
-                await revert_pay_for_request(key, session, max_cost_for_model)
-                raise
+                    if correction is not None:
+                        request_body, bad_param = correction.body, correction.label
+                        already_stripped.add(bad_param)
+                        logger.warning(
+                            "Upstream %s rejected param '%s' for model=%s; "
+                            "stripping and retrying same upstream",
+                            upstream.provider_type,
+                            bad_param,
+                            model_id,
+                            extra={
+                                "provider": upstream.provider_type,
+                                "model": model_id,
+                                "stripped_param": bad_param,
+                                "path": path,
+                            },
+                        )
+                        continue
+                break
 
             if response.status_code != 200:
                 # Check if we should retry (502 Upstream Error or 429 Rate Limit)
@@ -455,6 +489,21 @@ async def proxy(
 
             return response
 
+        except asyncio.CancelledError:
+            logger.warning(
+                "Client disconnected mid-request, reverting reservation",
+                extra={
+                    "path": path,
+                    "model": model_id,
+                    "key_hash": key.hashed_key[:8] + "...",
+                    "max_cost_for_model": max_cost_for_model,
+                },
+            )
+            await asyncio.shield(
+                revert_pay_for_request(key, session, max_cost_for_model)
+            )
+            raise
+
         except UpstreamError as e:
             logger.warning(
                 "Upstream %s failed for model=%s: %s",
@@ -472,9 +521,7 @@ async def proxy(
             # If this was the last provider
             if i == len(upstreams) - 1:
                 await revert_pay_for_request(key, session, max_cost_for_model)
-                return create_error_response(
-                    "upstream_error", str(e), 502, request=request
-                )
+                return create_upstream_error_response(e, request)
 
             # Otherwise loop continues to next provider
             continue

routstr/upstream/anthropic.py

@@ -24,7 +24,7 @@ class AnthropicUpstreamProvider(BaseUpstreamProvider):
         )
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_db_row(
+    def _build_from_row(
         cls, provider_row: "UpstreamProviderRow"
     ) -> "AnthropicUpstreamProvider":
         return cls(

routstr/upstream/auto_topup.py

@@ -97,6 +97,8 @@ async def _check_and_topup(row: UpstreamProviderRow) -> None:
 
     # Instantiate provider and check balance
     provider = RoutstrUpstreamProvider.from_db_row(row)
+    if provider is None:
+        return
     balance = await provider.get_balance()
 
     if balance is None:

routstr/upstream/azure.py

@@ -38,7 +38,7 @@ class AzureUpstreamProvider(BaseUpstreamProvider):
         self.api_version = api_version
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_db_row(
+    def _build_from_row(
         cls, provider_row: "UpstreamProviderRow"
     ) -> "AzureUpstreamProvider | None":
         if not provider_row.api_version:

routstr/upstream/cache_breakpoints.py

@@ -0,0 +1,157 @@
+"""Inject explicit prompt-cache breakpoints into OpenAI-shaped requests.
+
+Some upstreams cache *explicitly*: the request must carry
+``cache_control: {"type": "ephemeral"}`` markers on the content blocks that
+should be cached. Two model families use this identical wire format:
+
+* **Anthropic Claude** — direct or via OpenRouter's ``anthropic/*`` models.
+* **Alibaba's explicit-cache models on OpenRouter** — ``qwen/qwen3-max``,
+  ``qwen/qwen-plus``, ``qwen/qwen3.6-plus``, ``qwen/qwen3-coder-plus``,
+  ``qwen/qwen3-coder-flash`` and ``deepseek/deepseek-v3.2`` — which OpenRouter
+  documents as using "the same syntax as Anthropic explicit caching".
+
+Every other provider routstr proxies (OpenAI, Azure, xAI/Grok, Groq, Moonshot,
+default DeepSeek, Gemini implicit, Fireworks) caches *automatically* and needs
+no markers — they are left untouched.
+
+A client that doesn't know it is talking to one of these models *through*
+routstr (e.g. an OpenAI-compatible coding agent pointed at a routstr URL) never
+emits the markers — it only adds them when it recognises the provider as
+OpenRouter. So caching silently never engages over routstr even though the same
+client caches fine talking to OpenRouter directly.
+
+This module restores caching by stamping the standard breakpoints onto the
+forwarded body — the system prompt, the last tool, and the last conversation
+message (the format allows up to four; we use three, matching the common
+agent convention) — but only when the client supplied none of its own, so
+explicit client control always wins. The caller is responsible for only
+applying this toward an upstream that accepts the markers (OpenRouter /
+Anthropic), so they never leak to a provider that would reject them.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from typing import Any
+
+# The single ephemeral marker stamped onto each chosen breakpoint. A 5-minute
+# TTL (the default for ``ephemeral``) — deliberately not the 1h tier, which
+# carries a higher cache-write premium and should stay opt-in.
+EPHEMERAL_CACHE_CONTROL: dict[str, str] = {"type": "ephemeral"}
+
+# Alibaba's explicit-cache models on OpenRouter. Matched as substrings of the
+# model id (any spelling routstr carries). Snapshot endpoints that OpenRouter
+# documents as *not* supporting explicit caching (e.g. ``qwen3.5-plus-02-15``)
+# are different families and deliberately absent from this list.
+_ALIBABA_EXPLICIT_CACHE_SLUGS: tuple[str, ...] = (
+    "qwen3-max",
+    "qwen-plus",
+    "qwen3.6-plus",
+    "qwen3-coder-plus",
+    "qwen3-coder-flash",
+    "deepseek-v3.2",
+)
+
+
+def is_explicit_cache_model(model_id: str | None, *fallbacks: str | None) -> bool:
+    """True when the target model uses the explicit ``cache_control`` dialect.
+
+    Covers the Claude family (broadly — every Claude model supports it) and
+    Alibaba's documented explicit-cache models, across the id spellings routstr
+    carries: the OpenRouter id (``anthropic/claude-...``, ``qwen/qwen3-max``),
+    the bare upstream id, and any forwarded/canonical alias.
+    """
+    for candidate in (model_id, *fallbacks):
+        if not candidate:
+            continue
+        lowered = candidate.lower()
+        if "claude" in lowered or "anthropic/" in lowered:
+            return True
+        if any(slug in lowered for slug in _ALIBABA_EXPLICIT_CACHE_SLUGS):
+            return True
+    return False
+
+
+def _has_cache_control(obj: Any) -> bool:
+    """Recursively detect any client-supplied ``cache_control`` marker."""
+    if isinstance(obj, dict):
+        if "cache_control" in obj:
+            return True
+        return any(_has_cache_control(v) for v in obj.values())
+    if isinstance(obj, list):
+        return any(_has_cache_control(v) for v in obj)
+    return False
+
+
+def body_has_cache_control(data: dict) -> bool:
+    """True when the request already carries cache_control on messages/tools."""
+    return _has_cache_control(data.get("messages")) or _has_cache_control(
+        data.get("tools")
+    )
+
+
+def _stamp_text_content(message: dict) -> bool:
+    """Add the ephemeral marker to a message's last text block.
+
+    A string content is promoted to the array form Anthropic requires for
+    cache markers; an existing array gets the marker on its last text part.
+    Returns True when a marker was placed.
+    """
+    content = message.get("content")
+    if isinstance(content, str):
+        if not content:
+            return False
+        message["content"] = [
+            {
+                "type": "text",
+                "text": content,
+                "cache_control": dict(EPHEMERAL_CACHE_CONTROL),
+            }
+        ]
+        return True
+    if isinstance(content, list):
+        for part in reversed(content):
+            if isinstance(part, dict) and part.get("type") == "text":
+                part["cache_control"] = dict(EPHEMERAL_CACHE_CONTROL)
+                return True
+    return False
+
+
+def _stamp_system_prompt(messages: list) -> None:
+    for message in messages:
+        if isinstance(message, dict) and message.get("role") in (
+            "system",
+            "developer",
+        ):
+            _stamp_text_content(message)
+            return
+
+
+def _stamp_last_tool(tools: Any) -> None:
+    if isinstance(tools, list) and tools and isinstance(tools[-1], dict):
+        tools[-1]["cache_control"] = dict(EPHEMERAL_CACHE_CONTROL)
+
+
+def _stamp_last_conversation_message(messages: list) -> None:
+    for message in reversed(messages):
+        if isinstance(message, dict) and message.get("role") in ("user", "assistant"):
+            if _stamp_text_content(message):
+                return
+
+
+def inject_anthropic_cache_breakpoints(data: dict) -> bool:
+    """Stamp ephemeral cache breakpoints onto an OpenAI-shaped chat body.
+
+    Mutates ``data`` in place (the established convention in
+    ``prepare_request_body``) and returns True when anything changed. No-ops
+    when the body isn't chat-shaped or the client already set cache_control.
+    """
+    messages = data.get("messages")
+    if not isinstance(messages, list) or not messages:
+        return False
+    if body_has_cache_control(data):
+        return False
+
+    _stamp_system_prompt(messages)
+    _stamp_last_tool(data.get("tools"))
+    _stamp_last_conversation_message(messages)
+    return True

routstr/upstream/deepseek_v4_pricing_shim.py

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+"""TEMPORARY: local DeepSeek V4 pricing shim.
+
+litellm's bundled cost map does not yet ship ``deepseek-v4-flash`` /
+``deepseek-v4-pro``. Without an entry, ``backfill_cache_pricing`` cannot find a
+``cache_read_input_token_cost`` and cache reads fall back to the full input
+rate — a large overcharge on cache hits (DeepSeek V4 hits are ~0.008-0.02x
+input, i.e. cached tokens cost 50-120x less than regular input).
+
+This module injects the missing entries into ``litellm.model_cost`` at startup
+so the existing backfill path resolves them. Rates mirror the canonical
+``deepseek`` provider entries now in litellm's ``model_prices`` map
+(``input_cost_per_token`` is the cache-*miss* rate;
+``cache_read_input_token_cost`` is the cache-*hit* rate), sourced from
+https://api-docs.deepseek.com/quick_start/pricing via
+https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm/pull/26380 (issue
+https://github.com/BerriAI/litellm/issues/30430).
+
+=== REMOVAL (once litellm ships these models) ===
+Delete this file and the single ``register_deepseek_v4_pricing()`` call in
+``routstr/core/main.py``. Nothing else depends on it. Entries are only added
+when absent, so a stale shim is harmless after upstream lands — but remove it.
+"""
+
+import litellm
+
+from ..core import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+# USD per token. Mirrors the canonical ``deepseek`` provider entries in
+# litellm's model_prices map (source: DeepSeek API pricing docs). Keep these in
+# sync with ``litellm.model_cost["deepseek/deepseek-v4-*"]``.
+_DEEPSEEK_V4_RATES: dict[str, dict[str, float]] = {
+    "deepseek-v4-flash": {
+        "input_cost_per_token": 1.4e-07,
+        "output_cost_per_token": 2.8e-07,
+        "cache_read_input_token_cost": 2.8e-09,
+        "cache_creation_input_token_cost": 0.0,
+        "input_cost_per_token_cache_hit": 2.8e-09,
+    },
+    "deepseek-v4-pro": {
+        "input_cost_per_token": 4.35e-07,
+        "output_cost_per_token": 8.7e-07,
+        "cache_read_input_token_cost": 3.625e-09,
+        "cache_creation_input_token_cost": 0.0,
+        "input_cost_per_token_cache_hit": 3.625e-09,
+    },
+}
+
+
+def register_deepseek_v4_pricing() -> None:
+    """Inject DeepSeek V4 pricing into ``litellm.model_cost`` if absent.
+
+    Idempotent and non-destructive: a key already present in the cost map
+    (e.g. once litellm ships it) is left untouched. Registers both the bare
+    (``deepseek-v4-flash``) and prefixed (``deepseek/deepseek-v4-flash``)
+    spellings since ``backfill_cache_pricing`` tries both.
+    """
+    added = []
+    for bare, rates in _DEEPSEEK_V4_RATES.items():
+        for key in (bare, f"deepseek/{bare}"):
+            if key in litellm.model_cost:
+                continue
+            entry: dict[str, object] = dict(rates)
+            entry["litellm_provider"] = "deepseek"
+            entry["mode"] = "chat"
+            litellm.model_cost[key] = entry
+            added.append(key)
+    if added:
+        logger.info(
+            "Registered temporary DeepSeek V4 pricing shim",
+            extra={"models": added},
+        )

routstr/upstream/fireworks.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class FireworksUpstreamProvider(BaseUpstreamProvider):
         )
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_db_row(
+    def _build_from_row(
         cls, provider_row: "UpstreamProviderRow"
     ) -> "FireworksUpstreamProvider":
         return cls(

routstr/upstream/gemini.py

@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ class GeminiUpstreamProvider(BaseUpstreamProvider):
         return self._client
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_db_row(
+    def _build_from_row(
         cls, provider_row: "UpstreamProviderRow"
     ) -> "GeminiUpstreamProvider":
         return cls(

routstr/upstream/generic.py

@@ -5,6 +5,12 @@ from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 import httpx
 
 from .base import BaseUpstreamProvider
+from .pricing_resolver import (
+    FallbackPricingResolver,
+    ResolvedPricing,
+    _as_float,
+    estimate_context_length,
+)
 
 if TYPE_CHECKING:
     from ..core.db import UpstreamProviderRow
@@ -45,7 +51,7 @@ class GenericUpstreamProvider(BaseUpstreamProvider):
         )
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_db_row(
+    def _build_from_row(
         cls, provider_row: "UpstreamProviderRow"
     ) -> "GenericUpstreamProvider":
         return cls(
@@ -64,6 +70,40 @@ class GenericUpstreamProvider(BaseUpstreamProvider):
             "platform_url": cls.platform_url,
         }
 
+    def _native_pricing(
+        self, model_id: str, model_spec: dict
+    ) -> ResolvedPricing | None:
+        """Read pricing/metadata from Venice's bespoke ``model_spec`` schema.
+
+        Returns ``None`` when the upstream reported no *usable* native price —
+        absent, non-numeric, negative, or both-zero — so the caller falls
+        through to the shared resolution chain instead of fabricating a number
+        or trusting a bogus one. This mirrors the money-safety guards the
+        litellm and OpenRouter rungs already apply: a both-zero price would
+        serve the model free, a negative one would credit the caller, and a
+        non-numeric string would otherwise throw and drop the whole catalog.
+        """
+        pricing_info = model_spec.get("pricing", {})
+        input_usd = _as_float(pricing_info.get("input", {}).get("usd"))
+        output_usd = _as_float(pricing_info.get("output", {}).get("usd"))
+        if input_usd is None or output_usd is None:
+            return None
+        if input_usd < 0 or output_usd < 0 or (input_usd == 0 and output_usd == 0):
+            return None
+
+        capabilities = model_spec.get("capabilities", {})
+        input_modalities = ["text"]
+        if capabilities.get("supportsVision", False):
+            input_modalities.append("image")
+
+        return ResolvedPricing(
+            prompt=input_usd / 1_000_000,
+            completion=output_usd / 1_000_000,
+            context_length=model_spec.get("availableContextTokens"),
+            source="native",
+            input_modalities=input_modalities,
+        )
+
     async def fetch_models(self) -> list[Model]:
         """Fetch models from upstream API using /models endpoint."""
         from ..payment.models import Architecture, Model, Pricing, TopProvider
@@ -78,6 +118,7 @@ class GenericUpstreamProvider(BaseUpstreamProvider):
                 response.raise_for_status()
                 data = response.json()
 
+                resolver = FallbackPricingResolver()
                 models_list = []
                 for model_data in data.get("data", []):
                     model_id = model_data.get("id", "")
@@ -89,41 +130,44 @@ class GenericUpstreamProvider(BaseUpstreamProvider):
                     owned_by = model_data.get("owned_by", "unknown")
                     model_spec = model_data.get("model_spec", {})
 
-                    context_length = 4096
-                    if model_spec.get("availableContextTokens"):
-                        context_length = model_spec["availableContextTokens"]
-                    elif any(
-                        pattern in model_id.lower() for pattern in ["32k", "32000"]
-                    ):
-                        context_length = 32768
-                    elif any(
-                        pattern in model_id.lower() for pattern in ["16k", "16000"]
-                    ):
-                        context_length = 16384
-                    elif any(pattern in model_id.lower() for pattern in ["8k", "8000"]):
-                        context_length = 8192
-                    elif "gpt-4" in model_id.lower():
-                        context_length = 8192
-                    elif "claude" in model_id.lower():
-                        context_length = 200000
+                    resolved = self._native_pricing(model_id, model_spec)
+                    if resolved is None:
+                        resolved = await resolver.resolve(model_id)
 
-                    pricing_info = model_spec.get("pricing", {})
-                    input_pricing = pricing_info.get("input", {})
-                    output_pricing = pricing_info.get("output", {})
+                    if resolved is None:
+                        # Fail closed: never invent a price. Import the model
+                        # disabled with a warning so the operator can price it
+                        # (the admin UI surfaces disabled remote models).
+                        logger.warning(
+                            f"No pricing source resolved for '{model_id}' from "
+                            f"{self.upstream_name}; importing it disabled",
+                            extra={"model_id": model_id, "base_url": self.base_url},
+                        )
+                        resolved = ResolvedPricing(
+                            prompt=0.0,
+                            completion=0.0,
+                            context_length=None,
+                            source="unresolved",
+                        )
+                        enabled = False
+                    else:
+                        enabled = True
 
-                    prompt_price = input_pricing.get("usd", 0.001) / 1000000
-                    completion_price = output_pricing.get("usd", 0.001) / 1000000
+                    # Prefer the source's own modality string (OpenRouter ships
+                    # one, e.g. "text+image->text"); otherwise derive it from the
+                    # captured input/output modalities in the same "in->out" shape
+                    # rather than flattening vision models to "text->text".
+                    modality = resolved.modality or (
+                        f"{'+'.join(resolved.input_modalities)}"
+                        f"->{'+'.join(resolved.output_modalities)}"
+                    )
 
-                    capabilities = model_spec.get("capabilities", {})
-                    input_modalities = ["text"]
-                    output_modalities = ["text"]
-
-                    if capabilities.get("supportsVision", False):
-                        input_modalities.append("image")
-
-                    modality = "text"
-                    if capabilities.get("supportsVision", False):
-                        modality = "text->text"
+                    # A source can carry a price but no context (e.g. a litellm
+                    # entry missing max_input_tokens); fall back to an id-based
+                    # estimate so we never persist a zero-length window.
+                    context_length = resolved.context_length or estimate_context_length(
+                        model_id
+                    )
 
                     spec_name = model_spec.get("name", model_name)
                     description = f"{spec_name}"
@@ -139,30 +183,33 @@ class GenericUpstreamProvider(BaseUpstreamProvider):
                             context_length=context_length,
                             architecture=Architecture(
                                 modality=modality,
-                                input_modalities=input_modalities,
-                                output_modalities=output_modalities,
-                                tokenizer="unknown",
-                                instruct_type=None,
+                                input_modalities=resolved.input_modalities,
+                                output_modalities=resolved.output_modalities,
+                                tokenizer=resolved.tokenizer,
+                                instruct_type=resolved.instruct_type,
                             ),
                             pricing=Pricing(
-                                prompt=prompt_price,
-                                completion=completion_price,
+                                prompt=resolved.prompt,
+                                completion=resolved.completion,
                                 request=0.0,
                                 image=0.0,
                                 web_search=0.0,
                                 internal_reasoning=0.0,
-                                max_prompt_cost=0.001,
-                                max_completion_cost=0.001,
-                                max_cost=0.001,
+                                input_cache_read=resolved.input_cache_read,
+                                input_cache_write=resolved.input_cache_write,
                             ),
                             sats_pricing=None,
                             per_request_limits=None,
                             top_provider=TopProvider(
                                 context_length=context_length,
-                                max_completion_tokens=context_length // 2,
-                                is_moderated=False,
+                                max_completion_tokens=(
+                                    resolved.max_completion_tokens
+                                    if resolved.max_completion_tokens is not None
+                                    else context_length // 2
+                                ),
+                                is_moderated=bool(resolved.is_moderated),
                             ),
-                            enabled=True,
+                            enabled=enabled,
                             upstream_provider_id=None,
                             canonical_slug=None,
                         )

routstr/upstream/groq.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class GroqUpstreamProvider(BaseUpstreamProvider):
         )
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_db_row(cls, provider_row: "UpstreamProviderRow") -> "GroqUpstreamProvider":
+    def _build_from_row(cls, provider_row: "UpstreamProviderRow") -> "GroqUpstreamProvider":
         return cls(
             api_key=provider_row.api_key,
             provider_fee=provider_row.provider_fee,

routstr/upstream/helpers.py

@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ from sqlmodel import select
 
 from ..core import get_logger
 from ..core.db import AsyncSession, ModelRow, UpstreamProviderRow, create_session
+from ..core.provider_slugs import allocate_unique_provider_slug
 from ..payment.models import Model
 from .base import BaseUpstreamProvider
 
@@ -215,9 +216,6 @@ async def init_upstreams() -> list[BaseUpstreamProvider]:
 
             provider = _instantiate_provider(provider_row)
             if provider:
-                # Keep provider DB id on runtime instance so model mapping can
-                # bind DB overrides to the correct upstream.
-                setattr(provider, "db_id", provider_row.id)
                 await provider.refresh_models_cache()
                 logger.debug(
                     f"Initialized {provider_row.provider_type} provider",
@@ -250,6 +248,7 @@ async def _seed_providers_from_settings(
 
     providers_to_add: list[UpstreamProviderRow] = []
     seeded_provider_keys: set[tuple[str, str]] = set()
+    reserved_slugs: set[str] = set()
 
     provider_classes_by_type = {
         cls.provider_type: cls
@@ -279,8 +278,13 @@ async def _seed_providers_from_settings(
                     )
                 )
                 if not result.first():
+                    slug = await allocate_unique_provider_slug(
+                        session, provider_type, reserved_slugs
+                    )
+                    reserved_slugs.add(slug)
                     providers_to_add.append(
                         UpstreamProviderRow(
+                            slug=slug,
                             provider_type=provider_type,
                             base_url=base_url,
                             api_key=api_key,
@@ -299,8 +303,13 @@ async def _seed_providers_from_settings(
             )
         )
         if not result.first():
+            slug = await allocate_unique_provider_slug(
+                session, "ollama", reserved_slugs
+            )
+            reserved_slugs.add(slug)
             providers_to_add.append(
                 UpstreamProviderRow(
+                    slug=slug,
                     provider_type="ollama",
                     base_url=ollama_base_url,
                     api_key=ollama_api_key,
@@ -320,8 +329,13 @@ async def _seed_providers_from_settings(
                 )
             )
             if not result.first():
+                slug = await allocate_unique_provider_slug(
+                    session, "azure", reserved_slugs
+                )
+                reserved_slugs.add(slug)
                 providers_to_add.append(
                     UpstreamProviderRow(
+                        slug=slug,
                         provider_type="azure",
                         base_url=base_url,
                         api_key=api_key,
@@ -342,8 +356,13 @@ async def _seed_providers_from_settings(
                 )
             )
             if not result.first():
+                slug = await allocate_unique_provider_slug(
+                    session, "custom", reserved_slugs
+                )
+                reserved_slugs.add(slug)
                 providers_to_add.append(
                     UpstreamProviderRow(
+                        slug=slug,
                         provider_type="custom",
                         base_url=base_url,
                         api_key=api_key,
@@ -356,7 +375,7 @@ async def _seed_providers_from_settings(
         session.add(provider)
         logger.info(
             f"Seeding {provider.provider_type} provider",  # type: ignore[str-format]
-            extra={"base_url": provider.base_url},
+            extra={"base_url": provider.base_url, "slug": provider.slug},
         )
 
 
@@ -391,9 +410,7 @@ def _instantiate_provider(
             return provider
 
         if provider_row.provider_type == "custom":
-            return BaseUpstreamProvider(
-                provider_row.base_url, provider_row.api_key, provider_row.provider_fee
-            )
+            return BaseUpstreamProvider.from_db_row(provider_row)
 
         logger.error(
             f"Unknown provider type: {provider_row.provider_type}",

routstr/upstream/messages_dispatch.py

@@ -29,7 +29,9 @@ import litellm
 
 from ..core import get_logger
 from ..core.exceptions import UpstreamError
+from ..core.redaction import redact_org_ids
 from ..payment.models import Model
+from .rate_limit import classify_rate_limit
 
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
@@ -505,23 +507,33 @@ async def dispatch_anthropic_messages(
     try:
         result = await litellm.anthropic.messages.acreate(**kwargs)
     except Exception as exc:
-        exc_message = getattr(exc, "message", None) or str(exc) or repr(exc)
+        raw_message = getattr(exc, "message", None) or str(exc) or repr(exc)
+        # Redact provider account identifiers before the message reaches logs
+        # or the surfaced error.
+        exc_message = redact_org_ids(raw_message)
         exc_status = getattr(exc, "status_code", None)
         exc_response = getattr(exc, "response", None)
         response_text = None
         if exc_response is not None:
             try:
-                response_text = getattr(exc_response, "text", str(exc_response))
+                response_text = redact_org_ids(
+                    getattr(exc_response, "text", str(exc_response))
+                )
             except Exception:
                 response_text = "<unreadable>"
+        status_for_classify = exc_status if isinstance(exc_status, int) else 502
+        rate_limit = classify_rate_limit(
+            status_for_classify, exc_message, getattr(exc, "headers", None)
+        )
         logger.error(
             "litellm dispatch failed",
             extra={
                 "error": exc_message,
                 "error_type": type(exc).__name__,
                 "status_code": exc_status,
+                "error_code": rate_limit.code if rate_limit else None,
                 "llm_provider": getattr(exc, "llm_provider", None),
-                "body": getattr(exc, "body", None),
+                "body": redact_org_ids(str(getattr(exc, "body", "") or "")) or None,
                 "response_text": response_text,
                 "model": litellm_model,
                 "api_base": base_url,
@@ -529,7 +541,9 @@ async def dispatch_anthropic_messages(
         )
         raise UpstreamError(
             f"Upstream error via litellm: {exc_message}",
-            status_code=exc_status if isinstance(exc_status, int) else 502,
+            status_code=status_for_classify,
+            code=rate_limit.code if rate_limit else None,
+            details=rate_limit.as_details() if rate_limit else None,
         ) from exc
 
     if not client_stream and hasattr(result, "__aiter__"):

routstr/upstream/ollama.py

@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ class OllamaUpstreamProvider(BaseUpstreamProvider):
         )
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_db_row(
+    def _build_from_row(
         cls, provider_row: "UpstreamProviderRow"
     ) -> "OllamaUpstreamProvider":
         return cls(

routstr/upstream/openai.py

@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ class OpenAIUpstreamProvider(BaseUpstreamProvider):
         )
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_db_row(
+    def _build_from_row(
         cls, provider_row: "UpstreamProviderRow"
     ) -> "OpenAIUpstreamProvider":
         return cls(

routstr/upstream/openrouter.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import json
 from typing import TYPE_CHECKING
 
 import httpx
@@ -18,6 +19,65 @@ class OpenRouterUpstreamProvider(BaseUpstreamProvider):
     supports_anthropic_messages = True
     litellm_provider_prefix = "openrouter/"
 
+    def prepare_request_body(
+        self, body: bytes | None, model_obj: Model
+    ) -> bytes | None:
+        """Set provider.require_parameters on tool-use requests.
+
+        Without it OpenRouter can route a tool call to an endpoint that doesn't
+        support function calling and 404 with "No endpoints found that support
+        tool use". We leave a client-supplied value untouched.
+        """
+        body = super().prepare_request_body(body, model_obj)
+        if not body:
+            return body
+
+        try:
+            data = json.loads(body)
+        except json.JSONDecodeError:
+            return body
+
+        if not isinstance(data, dict) or not data.get("tools"):
+            return body
+
+        provider = data.get("provider")
+        if not isinstance(provider, dict):
+            provider = {}
+
+        if "require_parameters" in provider:
+            return body
+
+        provider["require_parameters"] = True
+        data["provider"] = provider
+        return json.dumps(data).encode()
+
+    def _apply_provider_field(self, response_json: object) -> None:
+        """Stamp the ``provider`` field for OpenRouter responses.
+
+        OpenRouter is a router, not the real serving provider, so a bare
+        ``"openrouter"`` value carries no useful information. Rules:
+
+        - Real upstream sub-provider (e.g. ``"GMICloud"``) -> ``"openrouter:GMICloud"``.
+        - Missing sub-provider, or one that merely echoes ``"openrouter"`` ->
+          ``"unknown"``.
+        - Idempotent: re-stamping never produces ``"openrouter:openrouter:..."``;
+          the ``openrouter:`` prefix appears at most once.
+        """
+        if not isinstance(response_json, dict):
+            return
+        provider_type = (self.provider_type or "").strip()
+        existing = response_json.get("provider")
+        sub = existing.strip() if isinstance(existing, str) else ""
+        # Strip any already-applied "openrouter:" prefixes (idempotency).
+        prefix = f"{provider_type}:"
+        while sub.lower().startswith(prefix.lower()):
+            sub = sub[len(prefix) :].strip()
+        # No real sub-provider, or it just echoes our own router name.
+        if not sub or sub.lower() == provider_type.lower():
+            response_json["provider"] = "unknown"
+            return
+        response_json["provider"] = f"{provider_type}:{sub}"
+
     def __init__(self, api_key: str, provider_fee: float = 1.06):
         """Initialize OpenRouter provider with API key.
 
@@ -30,7 +90,7 @@ class OpenRouterUpstreamProvider(BaseUpstreamProvider):
         )
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_db_row(
+    def _build_from_row(
         cls, provider_row: "UpstreamProviderRow"
     ) -> "OpenRouterUpstreamProvider":
         return cls(

routstr/upstream/perplexity.py

@@ -23,7 +23,7 @@ class PerplexityUpstreamProvider(BaseUpstreamProvider):
         )
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_db_row(
+    def _build_from_row(
         cls, provider_row: "UpstreamProviderRow"
     ) -> "PerplexityUpstreamProvider":
         return cls(

routstr/upstream/ppqai.py

@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ class PPQAIUpstreamProvider(BaseUpstreamProvider):
         )
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_db_row(
+    def _build_from_row(
         cls, provider_row: "UpstreamProviderRow"
     ) -> "PPQAIUpstreamProvider":
         return cls(
@@ -229,17 +229,14 @@ class PPQAIUpstreamProvider(BaseUpstreamProvider):
                 f"Disabling PPQ.AI provider ({self.base_url}) due to insufficient balance",
                 extra={"error": error_message},
             )
-            from sqlmodel import select
-
             from ..core.db import UpstreamProviderRow, create_session
 
             async with create_session() as session:
-                statement = select(UpstreamProviderRow).where(
-                    UpstreamProviderRow.base_url == self.base_url,
-                    UpstreamProviderRow.api_key == self.api_key,
+                provider = (
+                    await session.get(UpstreamProviderRow, self.db_id)
+                    if self.db_id is not None
+                    else None
                 )
-                result = await session.exec(statement)
-                provider = result.first()
 
                 if provider:
                     provider.enabled = False

routstr/upstream/pricing_resolver.py

@@ -0,0 +1,203 @@
+"""Shared price/metadata resolution chain for upstream model discovery.
+
+Most OpenAI-compatible ``/models`` responses carry no pricing. Rather than let
+a provider fabricate one, this module resolves a model through decreasingly
+trustworthy sources — litellm's bundled cost map (curated list prices, mirrors
+provider docs), then the OpenRouter feed (resale prices, broader coverage) —
+and returns ``None`` when none of them know the model, so the caller can fail
+closed instead of inventing a number.
+
+Provider-native pricing (a gateway's own ``/models`` schema, e.g. Venice's
+``model_spec``) is authoritative and handled by the provider before this chain
+is consulted; only the shared fallback lives here so a later refactor can hoist
+it into the base provider unchanged.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+from dataclasses import dataclass, field
+
+
+@dataclass
+class ResolvedPricing:
+    """Per-token pricing plus whatever metadata the answering source carried.
+
+    Prices are USD per token. ``source`` records provenance
+    (``native``/``litellm``/``openrouter``/``unresolved``) so later work can
+    surface where each price came from.
+    """
+
+    prompt: float
+    completion: float
+    context_length: int | None
+    source: str
+    modality: str | None = None
+    max_completion_tokens: int | None = None
+    input_cache_read: float = 0.0
+    input_cache_write: float = 0.0
+    input_modalities: list[str] = field(default_factory=lambda: ["text"])
+    output_modalities: list[str] = field(default_factory=lambda: ["text"])
+    tokenizer: str = "unknown"
+    instruct_type: str | None = None
+    is_moderated: bool | None = None
+
+
+def estimate_context_length(model_id: str) -> int:
+    """Best-effort context window from a model id when no source reports one.
+
+    The last rung of the fallback chain, reached only for a model whose price
+    resolved but whose context did not (or that imported disabled). Context is
+    not a billing input, so a rough id-based guess is acceptable here where a
+    guessed *price* never would be.
+    """
+    lowered = model_id.lower()
+    if any(pattern in lowered for pattern in ["32k", "32000"]):
+        return 32768
+    if any(pattern in lowered for pattern in ["16k", "16000"]):
+        return 16384
+    if any(pattern in lowered for pattern in ["8k", "8000"]):
+        return 8192
+    if "gpt-4" in lowered:
+        return 8192
+    if "claude" in lowered:
+        return 200000
+    return 4096
+
+
+def _as_float(value: object) -> float | None:
+    """OpenRouter reports prices as strings; coerce, ``None`` if unparseable."""
+    try:
+        return float(value)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        return None
+
+
+def _as_int(value: object) -> int | None:
+    """Coerce an already-numeric token count to ``int``, else ``None``."""
+    return int(value) if isinstance(value, (int, float)) else None
+
+
+def _from_litellm(model_id: str) -> ResolvedPricing | None:
+    # Lazy import so the resolver stays import-light and shares the exact
+    # lookup semantics used by cache-rate backfill.
+    from ..payment.models import litellm_cost_entry
+
+    info = litellm_cost_entry(model_id)
+    if info is None:
+        return None
+
+    prompt = info.get("input_cost_per_token")
+    completion = info.get("output_cost_per_token")
+    if not isinstance(prompt, (int, float)) or not isinstance(completion, (int, float)):
+        return None
+    # A both-zero entry is litellm listing a model without a real price (free
+    # moderation/rerank tiers do this) — treating 0/0 as resolved would serve
+    # the model for free. Reject it (and any negative) so the caller falls
+    # through, mirroring async_fetch_openrouter_models' _has_valid_pricing.
+    if prompt < 0 or completion < 0 or (prompt == 0 and completion == 0):
+        return None
+
+    input_modalities = ["text"]
+    if info.get("supports_vision"):
+        input_modalities.append("image")
+
+    return ResolvedPricing(
+        prompt=float(prompt),
+        completion=float(completion),
+        # max_input_tokens is the context window; max_tokens is litellm's
+        # completion cap (it tracks max_output_tokens for ~94% of models), so
+        # it is never a context source. A missing window falls to the id-based
+        # estimate downstream rather than borrowing the output cap.
+        context_length=_as_int(info.get("max_input_tokens")),
+        source="litellm",
+        max_completion_tokens=_as_int(info.get("max_output_tokens")),
+        input_cache_read=float(info.get("cache_read_input_token_cost") or 0.0),
+        input_cache_write=float(info.get("cache_creation_input_token_cost") or 0.0),
+        input_modalities=input_modalities,
+    )
+
+
+def _match_openrouter(model_id: str, feed: list[dict]) -> dict | None:
+    """Find ``model_id`` in the OpenRouter feed, exact id before bare tail.
+
+    Bare-tail matching (``deepseek-chat`` ↔ ``deepseek/deepseek-chat``) is a
+    looser, lower-trust match — OpenRouter fans a model out across resellers —
+    so an exact id match always wins first. When several entries share the bare
+    tail, the one with the highest *combined* (prompt + completion) per-token
+    cost wins: the choice must be deterministic (not feed-order-dependent) and
+    money-safe whichever way traffic leans, since undercharging is the hazard.
+    Ranking on prompt alone could pick an entry that is cheap on input but dear
+    on output. The live feed has no such collisions today; this only governs
+    the latent case.
+    """
+    bare = model_id.split("/", 1)[-1]
+    exact = next((m for m in feed if m.get("id") == model_id), None)
+    if exact is not None:
+        return exact
+    matches = [m for m in feed if m.get("id", "").split("/", 1)[-1] == bare]
+    if not matches:
+        return None
+
+    def _combined_cost(m: dict) -> float:
+        pricing = m.get("pricing", {})
+        return (_as_float(pricing.get("prompt")) or 0.0) + (
+            _as_float(pricing.get("completion")) or 0.0
+        )
+
+    return max(matches, key=_combined_cost)
+
+
+def _from_openrouter(model_id: str, feed: list[dict]) -> ResolvedPricing | None:
+    entry = _match_openrouter(model_id, feed)
+    if entry is None:
+        return None
+
+    pricing = entry.get("pricing", {})
+    prompt = _as_float(pricing.get("prompt"))
+    completion = _as_float(pricing.get("completion"))
+    if prompt is None or completion is None:
+        return None
+
+    architecture = entry.get("architecture", {})
+    top_provider = entry.get("top_provider", {})
+
+    return ResolvedPricing(
+        prompt=prompt,
+        completion=completion,
+        context_length=_as_int(entry.get("context_length")),
+        source="openrouter",
+        modality=architecture.get("modality"),
+        max_completion_tokens=_as_int(top_provider.get("max_completion_tokens")),
+        input_cache_read=_as_float(pricing.get("input_cache_read")) or 0.0,
+        input_cache_write=_as_float(pricing.get("input_cache_write")) or 0.0,
+        input_modalities=architecture.get("input_modalities") or ["text"],
+        output_modalities=architecture.get("output_modalities") or ["text"],
+        tokenizer=architecture.get("tokenizer") or "unknown",
+        instruct_type=architecture.get("instruct_type"),
+        is_moderated=top_provider.get("is_moderated"),
+    )
+
+
+class FallbackPricingResolver:
+    """Resolves models via litellm → OpenRouter for one discovery pass.
+
+    The OpenRouter catalog is fetched at most once and only when a model
+    actually misses litellm, so a provider full of litellm-known models never
+    touches the network. Instantiate one per ``fetch_models`` call.
+    """
+
+    def __init__(self) -> None:
+        self._openrouter_feed: list[dict] | None = None
+
+    async def resolve(self, model_id: str) -> ResolvedPricing | None:
+        """Resolve ``model_id``; ``None`` if no source knows it."""
+        resolved = _from_litellm(model_id)
+        if resolved is not None:
+            return resolved
+
+        if self._openrouter_feed is None:
+            # Lazy import so tests can patch the feed at its source.
+            from ..payment.models import async_fetch_openrouter_models
+
+            self._openrouter_feed = await async_fetch_openrouter_models()
+        return _from_openrouter(model_id, self._openrouter_feed)

routstr/upstream/rate_limit.py

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+"""Detection and parsing of upstream provider rate-limit errors.
+
+Upstream OpenAI-compatible providers signal rate limits via HTTP 429 and/or a
+human-readable message such as::
+
+    Rate limit reached for gpt-5.5-2026-04-23 (for limit gpt-5.5) in organization
+    org-XXXX on tokens per min (TPM): Limit 180000000, Used 180000000,
+    Requested 8929. Please try again in 2ms.
+
+This module classifies those failures into a stable :data:`UPSTREAM_RATE_LIMIT`
+code and extracts useful debugging fields. All retained text is redacted of
+organization IDs first.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import re
+from dataclasses import asdict, dataclass
+
+from ..core.redaction import redact_org_ids
+
+# Stable error code callers can switch on to distinguish upstream rate limits
+# from generic request failures. The literal value matches the identifier named
+# in issue #555 ("UPSTREAM_RATE_LIMIT") so the public API contract is exact.
+UPSTREAM_RATE_LIMIT = "UPSTREAM_RATE_LIMIT"
+
+# Message fragments that indicate a rate-limit even when the status code is not
+# 429 (some providers wrap it in a 400/500 envelope).
+_RATE_LIMIT_MARKERS = (
+    "rate limit reached",
+    "rate_limit_exceeded",
+    "rate limit exceeded",
+    "too many requests",
+)
+
+_MODEL_RE = re.compile(r"Rate limit reached for ([^\s(]+)", re.IGNORECASE)
+_LIMIT_NAME_RE = re.compile(r"\(for limit ([^)]+)\)", re.IGNORECASE)
+_METRIC_RE = re.compile(r"on ([a-z ]+\((?:TPM|RPM|TPD|RPD|IPM)\))", re.IGNORECASE)
+_LIMIT_RE = re.compile(r"Limit (\d+)", re.IGNORECASE)
+_USED_RE = re.compile(r"Used (\d+)", re.IGNORECASE)
+_REQUESTED_RE = re.compile(r"Requested (\d+)", re.IGNORECASE)
+_RETRY_RE = re.compile(r"try again in ([\d.]+)\s*(ms|s)", re.IGNORECASE)
+
+
+@dataclass
+class RateLimitInfo:
+    """Structured, redaction-safe view of an upstream rate-limit error."""
+
+    code: str
+    message: str
+    model: str | None = None
+    limit_name: str | None = None
+    metric: str | None = None
+    limit: int | None = None
+    used: int | None = None
+    requested: int | None = None
+    retry_after_seconds: float | None = None
+
+    def as_details(self) -> dict[str, object]:
+        """Return a JSON-serialisable dict for embedding in an error envelope."""
+        return {k: v for k, v in asdict(self).items() if v is not None}
+
+
+def _looks_like_rate_limit(status_code: int, message: str) -> bool:
+    if status_code == 429:
+        return True
+    lowered = message.lower()
+    return any(marker in lowered for marker in _RATE_LIMIT_MARKERS)
+
+
+def _parse_retry_after_header(headers: dict[str, str] | None) -> float | None:
+    """Parse a ``Retry-After`` header (delta-seconds form) into seconds."""
+    if not headers:
+        return None
+    raw = headers.get("retry-after") or headers.get("Retry-After")
+    if raw is None:
+        return None
+    try:
+        return float(str(raw).strip())
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        return None
+
+
+def _int_or_none(match: re.Match[str] | None) -> int | None:
+    if match is None:
+        return None
+    try:
+        return int(match.group(1))
+    except (TypeError, ValueError):
+        return None
+
+
+def classify_rate_limit(
+    status_code: int,
+    message: str,
+    headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+) -> RateLimitInfo | None:
+    """Classify an upstream error as a rate-limit and extract its fields.
+
+    Args:
+        status_code: HTTP status code from the upstream response.
+        message: Upstream error message (may contain sensitive identifiers).
+        headers: Optional upstream response headers, used for ``Retry-After``.
+
+    Returns:
+        A :class:`RateLimitInfo` when the error is a rate-limit, else ``None``.
+    """
+    message = message or ""
+    if not _looks_like_rate_limit(status_code, message):
+        return None
+
+    redacted = redact_org_ids(message)
+
+    model_match = _MODEL_RE.search(redacted)
+    metric_match = _METRIC_RE.search(redacted)
+
+    retry_after = _parse_retry_after_header(headers)
+    if retry_after is None:
+        retry_match = _RETRY_RE.search(redacted)
+        if retry_match is not None:
+            value = float(retry_match.group(1))
+            retry_after = value / 1000.0 if retry_match.group(2).lower() == "ms" else value
+
+    limit_name_match = _LIMIT_NAME_RE.search(redacted)
+
+    return RateLimitInfo(
+        code=UPSTREAM_RATE_LIMIT,
+        message=redacted,
+        model=model_match.group(1) if model_match else None,
+        limit_name=limit_name_match.group(1).strip() if limit_name_match else None,
+        metric=metric_match.group(1).strip() if metric_match else None,
+        limit=_int_or_none(_LIMIT_RE.search(redacted)),
+        used=_int_or_none(_USED_RE.search(redacted)),
+        requested=_int_or_none(_REQUESTED_RE.search(redacted)),
+        retry_after_seconds=retry_after,
+    )

routstr/upstream/request_correction.py

@@ -0,0 +1,142 @@
+"""Reactive request-correction layer.
+
+When an upstream rejects a request with a recoverable 4xx error, this layer
+tries to *fix* the request body and let the caller retry the same upstream
+instead of failing outright. It is provider-agnostic: correctors key off the
+upstream's own error wording, so the same recovery works across every provider.
+
+The layer is a small pipeline of :data:`Corrector` callables. Each corrector
+inspects the parsed request body and the upstream error message and either
+returns a corrected body (plus a short label identifying the fix) or declines
+by returning ``None``. Adding a new reactive fix means writing one corrector
+and adding it to :data:`DEFAULT_CORRECTORS` — no changes to the proxy loop.
+
+All corrections are immutable: a corrector never mutates the body it is given,
+it returns a new ``dict``. The proxy threads an ``applied`` set of fix labels
+through retries so each distinct fix is applied at most once, guaranteeing the
+retry loop always terminates.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+import re
+from collections.abc import Callable, Sequence
+from dataclasses import dataclass
+
+from fastapi.responses import Response
+
+from ..core import get_logger
+
+logger = get_logger(__name__)
+
+
+# Matches upstream error text that names a single rejected request parameter,
+# e.g. "`temperature` is deprecated for this model." or
+# "parameter 'top_p' is not supported". Keys off the upstream's own wording so
+# a 400 about an unsupported sampling/option field can be recovered by stripping
+# that field and retrying the same upstream.
+_UNSUPPORTED_PARAM_RE = re.compile(
+    r"[`'\"]?(?P<param>[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*)[`'\"]?\s+is\s+"
+    r"(?:deprecated|not\s+supported|unsupported|no\s+longer\s+supported)",
+    re.IGNORECASE,
+)
+
+
+# A corrector inspects the parsed request body and the upstream error message
+# and returns ``(new_body_dict, label)`` for a fix it can apply, or ``None`` to
+# decline. ``label`` identifies the fix so it is applied at most once per request.
+Corrector = Callable[[dict, str], "tuple[dict, str] | None"]
+
+
+@dataclass(frozen=True)
+class Correction:
+    """A successful request correction ready to retry.
+
+    ``body`` is the corrected JSON body (encoded), ``label`` identifies the fix
+    that was applied (e.g. the stripped param name) so the caller can guard
+    against applying the same fix twice.
+    """
+
+    body: bytes
+    label: str
+
+
+def extract_error_message(response: Response) -> str:
+    """Best-effort extraction of an error message string from a proxy Response."""
+    body_bytes = getattr(response, "body", None)
+    if not body_bytes:
+        return ""
+    try:
+        data = json.loads(body_bytes)
+    except Exception:
+        return body_bytes.decode("utf-8", errors="ignore")[:500]
+    if isinstance(data, dict):
+        err = data.get("error")
+        if isinstance(err, dict):
+            msg = err.get("message") or err.get("detail")
+            if isinstance(msg, str):
+                return msg
+        elif isinstance(err, str):
+            return err
+        if isinstance(data.get("message"), str):
+            return data["message"]
+    return ""
+
+
+def strip_unsupported_param(
+    body: dict, error_message: str
+) -> tuple[dict, str] | None:
+    """Drop a top-level param the upstream named as unsupported/deprecated.
+
+    Returns ``(new_body, param)`` (a new dict, original untouched) when the
+    error names a top-level param present in the body, otherwise ``None``.
+    """
+    match = _UNSUPPORTED_PARAM_RE.search(error_message)
+    if not match:
+        return None
+    param = match.group("param")
+    if param not in body:
+        return None
+    new_body = {k: v for k, v in body.items() if k != param}
+    return new_body, param
+
+
+# Ordered pipeline of correctors tried on each recoverable rejection.
+DEFAULT_CORRECTORS: tuple[Corrector, ...] = (strip_unsupported_param,)
+
+
+def correct_request(
+    request_body: bytes,
+    error_message: str,
+    applied: set[str],
+    correctors: Sequence[Corrector] = DEFAULT_CORRECTORS,
+) -> Correction | None:
+    """Try to correct a rejected request body so it can be retried.
+
+    Runs each corrector in order against the parsed body and ``error_message``.
+    The first corrector that proposes a fix whose ``label`` is not already in
+    ``applied`` wins; its result is returned as a :class:`Correction`. Returns
+    ``None`` when nothing parses, nothing matches, or every proposed fix was
+    already applied — the caller then treats the response as a normal failure.
+
+    ``applied`` is read-only here; the caller records the returned ``label`` to
+    bound retries and guarantee forward progress.
+    """
+    if not request_body or not error_message:
+        return None
+    try:
+        data = json.loads(request_body)
+    except Exception:
+        return None
+    if not isinstance(data, dict):
+        return None
+    for corrector in correctors:
+        result = corrector(data, error_message)
+        if result is None:
+            continue
+        new_body, label = result
+        if label in applied:
+            continue
+        return Correction(body=json.dumps(new_body).encode(), label=label)
+    return None

routstr/upstream/routstr.py

@@ -55,7 +55,7 @@ class RoutstrUpstreamProvider(BaseUpstreamProvider):
         return path.lstrip("/")
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_db_row(
+    def _build_from_row(
         cls, provider_row: "UpstreamProviderRow"
     ) -> "RoutstrUpstreamProvider":
         import json

routstr/upstream/xai.py

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ class XAIUpstreamProvider(BaseUpstreamProvider):
         )
 
     @classmethod
-    def from_db_row(cls, provider_row: "UpstreamProviderRow") -> "XAIUpstreamProvider":
+    def _build_from_row(cls, provider_row: "UpstreamProviderRow") -> "XAIUpstreamProvider":
         return cls(
             api_key=provider_row.api_key,
             provider_fee=provider_row.provider_fee,

routstr/wallet.py

@@ -1,8 +1,11 @@
 import asyncio
+import re
+import socket
 import time
 import typing
 from typing import TypedDict
 
+import httpx
 from cashu.core.base import Proof, Token
 from cashu.core.mint_info import MintInfo as _CashuMintInfo
 from cashu.wallet.helpers import deserialize_token_from_string
@@ -30,11 +33,172 @@ _CashuMintInfo.model_rebuild(force=True)
 logger = get_logger(__name__)
 
 
+class MintConnectionError(Exception):
+    """The mint could not be reached (network transport failure).
+
+    Maps to a 503, not a 4xx: the token is fine, the mint is just unavailable.
+    """
+
+
+class TokenConsumedError(Exception):
+    """A failure that happened AFTER the token's proofs were spent (melt
+    succeeded, or redemption already returned) — e.g. minting on the primary
+    mint or the DB credit then failed.
+
+    Non-retryable: the same token will not work again. Seals the cause chain so
+    a transport error underneath is never re-surfaced as a retryable
+    mint_unreachable.
+    """
+
+
+# httpx base classes cover their subclasses. HTTPStatusError is excluded on
+# purpose — that means the mint answered, just with an error status.
+_TRANSPORT_EXC_TYPES: tuple[type[BaseException], ...] = (
+    httpx.NetworkError,
+    httpx.TimeoutException,
+    ConnectionError,  # refused/reset/aborted
+    socket.gaierror,  # DNS failure
+    asyncio.TimeoutError,
+)
+
+
+def is_mint_connection_error(error: BaseException) -> bool:
+    """True if ``error`` (or anything in its cause/context chain) is a mint
+    transport failure. Walks the chain because some sites re-raise transport
+    errors wrapped in ValueError/MintConnectionError; matches on TYPE, not text.
+    """
+    seen: set[int] = set()
+    current: BaseException | None = error
+    while current is not None and id(current) not in seen:
+        seen.add(id(current))
+        if isinstance(current, TokenConsumedError):
+            # Sealed: the token was already spent, so whatever transport error
+            # sits underneath must not make this look retryable.
+            return False
+        if isinstance(current, MintConnectionError):
+            return True
+        if isinstance(current, _TRANSPORT_EXC_TYPES):
+            return True
+        current = current.__cause__ or current.__context__
+    return False
+
+
+# Redemption ``code`` values whose token is spent/consumed/unusable — the
+# X-Cashu path must NOT echo the original token for these (echoing invites a
+# retry with a token that can never succeed again).
+SPENT_TOKEN_CODES: frozenset[str] = frozenset(
+    {
+        "cashu_token_already_spent",
+        "cashu_token_consumed",
+        "cashu_token_zero_value",
+        "internal_error",
+    }
+)
+
+
+def classify_redemption_error(
+    error: Exception,
+) -> tuple[str, int, str, str] | None:
+    """Map a token-redemption failure to ``(type, status, message, code)``.
+
+    Single source of truth for every endpoint that redeems a token (bearer,
+    X-Cashu, top-up) so the same failure yields the same taxonomy everywhere.
+    ``type`` and ``code`` are stable client contract; ``message`` is sanitized
+    (raw error text stays in logs). Returns None for an unclassified internal
+    fault — the caller emits a generic 500.
+    """
+    if isinstance(error, TokenConsumedError):
+        return (
+            "token_consumed",
+            500,
+            "Token was redeemed but could not be credited; do not retry",
+            "cashu_token_consumed",
+        )
+    if is_mint_connection_error(error):
+        return (
+            "mint_unreachable",
+            503,
+            "Cashu mint is unreachable",
+            "cashu_mint_unreachable",
+        )
+    lowered = str(error).lower()
+    if "already spent" in lowered:
+        return (
+            "token_already_spent",
+            400,
+            "Cashu token already spent",
+            "cashu_token_already_spent",
+        )
+    if (
+        "insufficient" in lowered
+        or "melt fee" in lowered
+        or "exceed token amount" in lowered
+        or "estimate fees" in lowered
+    ):
+        return (
+            "mint_error",
+            422,
+            "Token value is too small to cover swap fees",
+            "cashu_token_swap_fees_exceed_amount",
+        )
+    if "failed to melt" in lowered:
+        return (
+            "mint_error",
+            422,
+            "Failed to swap token from foreign mint",
+            "cashu_foreign_mint_swap_failed",
+        )
+    if ("invalid" in lowered or "decode" in lowered) and "token" in lowered:
+        # Anchored to "token" so internal faults whose text merely contains
+        # "invalid"/"decode" fall through to the 500 branch, not a token error.
+        return (
+            "invalid_token",
+            400,
+            "Invalid Cashu token",
+            "invalid_cashu_token",
+        )
+    if "must be positive" in lowered or "yielded no value" in lowered:
+        # Redeemed to <= 0 (empty/dust token, or value fully consumed by fees).
+        # Consumed, so non-retryable, but its own code — not the generic bucket.
+        return (
+            "cashu_error",
+            400,
+            "Failed to redeem Cashu token: token yielded no value",
+            "cashu_token_zero_value",
+        )
+    if isinstance(error, ValueError):
+        return (
+            "cashu_error",
+            400,
+            "Failed to redeem Cashu token",
+            "cashu_token_redemption_failed",
+        )
+    return None
+
+
 async def get_balance(unit: str) -> int:
     wallet = await get_wallet(settings.primary_mint, unit)
     return wallet.available_balance.amount
 
 
+async def _redeem_same_mint(
+    wallet: Wallet, token_obj: Token
+) -> tuple[int, str, str]:  # amount, unit, mint_url
+    """Redeem proofs at their own issuing mint (no cross-mint swap).
+
+    split() re-mints the incoming proofs into fresh ones we own so the sender
+    can't double-spend them. With include_fees=True the mint deducts its NUT-02
+    per-proof input fee, so we end up holding only `amount - input_fees`. Credit
+    that, not the face value, or routstr over-credits the user and its wallet
+    drifts insolvent.
+    """
+    await wallet.load_mint(keyset_id=token_obj.keysets[0])
+    wallet.verify_proofs_dleq(token_obj.proofs)
+    input_fees = wallet.get_fees_for_proofs(token_obj.proofs)
+    await wallet.split(proofs=token_obj.proofs, amount=0, include_fees=True)
+    return int(token_obj.amount) - input_fees, token_obj.unit, token_obj.mint
+
+
 async def recieve_token(
     token: str,
 ) -> tuple[int, str, str]:  # amount, unit, mint_url
@@ -48,12 +212,7 @@ async def recieve_token(
     if token_obj.mint not in settings.cashu_mints:
         return await swap_to_primary_mint(token_obj, wallet)
 
-    await wallet.load_mint(keyset_id=token_obj.keysets[0])
-
-    wallet.verify_proofs_dleq(token_obj.proofs)
-    await wallet.split(proofs=token_obj.proofs, amount=0, include_fees=True)
-
-    return token_obj.amount, token_obj.unit, token_obj.mint
+    return await _redeem_same_mint(wallet, token_obj)
 
 
 async def send(amount: int, unit: str, mint_url: str | None = None) -> tuple[int, str]:
@@ -116,6 +275,72 @@ async def send_token(amount: int, unit: str, mint_url: str | None = None) -> str
     return token
 
 
+# A foreign mint's fee_reserve is a non-binding estimate (NUT-05): the mint may
+# demand more when re-quoting or at melt execution. Instead of padding the
+# estimate with a safety buffer (which strands the margin at the foreign mint
+# on every swap), the swap retries with the amount recomputed from the fees the
+# mint actually demands, up to this many attempts.
+_MAX_SWAP_ATTEMPTS = 3
+
+_MINT_ERROR_CODE_RE = re.compile(r"\(Code: (\d+)\)")
+_MELT_SHORTFALL_RE = re.compile(r"Provided: (\d+), needed: (\d+)")
+
+# Insufficient-melt-inputs failures differ across mint implementations. 11005 is
+# the registered "Transaction is not balanced" code (cdk), specific enough to
+# trust on the code alone. 11000 is nutshell's generic, unregistered
+# TransactionError covering many unrelated failures, so it only counts as a fee
+# shortfall alongside the "not enough inputs" detail text. With no code suffix at
+# all, that same text is the only signal.
+
+
+def _net_minted_amount(amount_msat: int, token_unit: str, fees: int) -> int:
+    """
+    Convert the token value minus fees (given in the token unit) into an
+    amount in the primary mint's unit.
+    """
+    fee_msat = fees * 1000 if token_unit == "sat" else fees
+    remaining_msat = amount_msat - fee_msat
+    if settings.primary_mint_unit == "sat":
+        return int(remaining_msat // 1000)
+    return int(remaining_msat)
+
+
+def _melt_insufficient_shortfall(error: Exception) -> int | None:
+    """
+    Classify a melt failure: return the observed shortfall (in the token unit)
+    when the mint rejected the inputs as insufficient, or None when the failure
+    is unrelated to fees and must not be retried (e.g. a Lightning payment
+    failure, where a smaller invoice would not help).
+
+    Cashu errors carry no structured amounts (NUT-00 defines only detail/code,
+    flattened to "Mint Error: <detail> (Code: <code>)" by cashu-py), so the
+    classification uses the code and the shortfall must be inferred: the
+    "Provided: X, needed: Y" amounts are nutshell-specific free text and only
+    refine the shortfall when present; otherwise shrink one unit at a time.
+    """
+    message = str(error)
+    code_match = _MINT_ERROR_CODE_RE.search(message)
+    code = code_match.group(1) if code_match is not None else None
+    has_shortfall_text = "not enough inputs" in message.lower()
+
+    match code:
+        case "11005":  # registered TransactionUnbalanced: trust the code
+            pass
+        case "11000" if has_shortfall_text:  # generic nutshell error: needs the text
+            pass
+        case None if has_shortfall_text:  # no code suffix: text is the only signal
+            pass
+        case _:  # other codes, a bare 11000, or no signal: must not retry
+            return None
+
+    amounts = _MELT_SHORTFALL_RE.search(message)
+    if amounts is not None:
+        provided, needed = int(amounts.group(1)), int(amounts.group(2))
+        if needed > provided:
+            return needed - provided
+    return 1
+
+
 async def _calculate_swap_amount(
     amount_msat: int,
     token_unit: str,
@@ -154,26 +379,18 @@ async def _calculate_swap_amount(
 
         fee_reserve = dummy_melt_quote.fee_reserve
         input_fees = token_wallet.get_fees_for_proofs(proofs)
-        if token_unit == "sat":
-            fee_msat = (fee_reserve + input_fees) * 1000
-        else:
-            fee_msat = fee_reserve + input_fees
-
-        amount_msat_after_fee = amount_msat - fee_msat
-
-        if settings.primary_mint_unit == "sat":
-            minted_amount = int(amount_msat_after_fee // 1000)
-        else:
-            minted_amount = int(amount_msat_after_fee)
+        total_fees = fee_reserve + input_fees
+        minted_amount = _net_minted_amount(amount_msat, token_unit, total_fees)
 
         if minted_amount <= 0:
-            raise ValueError(f"Fees ({fee_reserve + input_fees} {token_unit}) exceed token amount")
+            raise ValueError(f"Fees ({total_fees} {token_unit}) exceed token amount")
 
         logger.info(
             "swap_to_primary_mint: fee estimation result",
             extra={
                 "token_amount_sat": amount_msat // 1000,
-                "estimated_fee_sat": fee_msat // 1000,
+                "estimated_fee": total_fees,
+                "estimated_fee_unit": token_unit,
                 "input_fees": input_fees,
                 "minted_amount": minted_amount,
                 "minted_unit": settings.primary_mint_unit,
@@ -186,6 +403,8 @@ async def _calculate_swap_amount(
             "swap_to_primary_mint: fee estimation failed",
             extra={"error": str(e)},
         )
+        if is_mint_connection_error(e):
+            raise MintConnectionError("Cashu mint is unreachable") from e
         raise ValueError(f"Failed to estimate fees: {e}") from e
 
 
@@ -213,10 +432,9 @@ async def swap_to_primary_mint(
         amount_msat = token_amount
     else:
         raise ValueError("Invalid unit")
-    primary_wallet = await get_wallet(settings.primary_mint, settings.primary_mint_unit)
-
-    # If the token is already from the primary mint, we don't need to swap
-    # and we definitely don't want to calculate or pay fees.
+    # If the token is already from the primary mint, we don't need a cross-mint
+    # swap — redeem it same-mint. There's no melt/Lightning fee, but the mint's
+    # NUT-02 input fee still applies; _redeem_same_mint accounts for it.
     if token_obj.mint == settings.primary_mint:
         logger.info(
             "swap_to_primary_mint: token already on primary mint, skipping swap",
@@ -226,8 +444,9 @@ async def swap_to_primary_mint(
                 "unit": token_obj.unit,
             },
         )
-        await token_wallet.split(proofs=token_obj.proofs, amount=0, include_fees=True)
-        return token_amount, token_obj.unit, token_obj.mint
+        return await _redeem_same_mint(token_wallet, token_obj)
+
+    primary_wallet = await get_wallet(settings.primary_mint, settings.primary_mint_unit)
 
     minted_amount = await _calculate_swap_amount(
         amount_msat,
@@ -238,67 +457,123 @@ async def swap_to_primary_mint(
         token_obj.proofs,
     )
 
-    mint_quote = await primary_wallet.request_mint(minted_amount)
-    logger.info(
-        "swap_to_primary_mint: mint quote received",
-        extra={"mint_quote_id": mint_quote.quote},
-    )
+    # The estimate above is non-binding: the mint may demand a higher fee on the
+    # real quote or reject the melt outright. Retry the quote/melt cycle with the
+    # amount recomputed from the fees the mint actually demands.
+    observed_extra_fee = 0
+    attempt = 0
+    while True:
+        attempt += 1
+        mint_quote = await primary_wallet.request_mint(minted_amount)
+        logger.info(
+            "swap_to_primary_mint: mint quote received",
+            extra={"mint_quote_id": mint_quote.quote, "attempt": attempt},
+        )
 
-    melt_quote = await token_wallet.melt_quote(mint_quote.request)
-    input_fees = token_wallet.get_fees_for_proofs(token_obj.proofs)
-    total_needed = melt_quote.amount + melt_quote.fee_reserve + input_fees
-    logger.info(
-        "swap_to_primary_mint: melt quote received",
-        extra={
-            "melt_quote_id": melt_quote.quote,
-            "melt_amount": melt_quote.amount,
-            "melt_fee_reserve": melt_quote.fee_reserve,
-            "input_fees": input_fees,
-            "total_needed": total_needed,
-            "token_amount": token_amount,
-        },
-    )
-
-    if total_needed > token_amount:
-        logger.warning(
-            "swap_to_primary_mint: insufficient token amount for melt fees",
+        melt_quote = await token_wallet.melt_quote(mint_quote.request)
+        input_fees = token_wallet.get_fees_for_proofs(token_obj.proofs)
+        total_needed = melt_quote.amount + melt_quote.fee_reserve + input_fees
+        logger.info(
+            "swap_to_primary_mint: melt quote received",
             extra={
-                "token_amount": token_amount,
+                "melt_quote_id": melt_quote.quote,
                 "melt_amount": melt_quote.amount,
                 "melt_fee_reserve": melt_quote.fee_reserve,
                 "input_fees": input_fees,
                 "total_needed": total_needed,
-                "shortfall": total_needed - token_amount,
+                "token_amount": token_amount,
+                "attempt": attempt,
             },
         )
-        raise ValueError(
-            f"Token amount ({token_amount} {token_obj.unit}) is insufficient to cover "
-            f"melt fees. Needed: {total_needed} {token_obj.unit} "
-            f"(amount: {melt_quote.amount} + fee: {melt_quote.fee_reserve} + input_fees: {input_fees})"
-        )
 
-    try:
-        _ = await token_wallet.melt(
-            proofs=token_obj.proofs,
-            invoice=mint_quote.request,
-            fee_reserve_sat=melt_quote.fee_reserve,
-            quote_id=melt_quote.quote,
-        )
-    except Exception as e:
-        logger.error(
-            "swap_to_primary_mint: melt failed",
-            extra={
-                "error": str(e),
-                "error_type": type(e).__name__,
-                "foreign_mint": token_obj.mint,
-                "token_amount": token_amount,
-                "melt_quote_id": melt_quote.quote,
-                "total_needed": total_needed,
-            },
-        )
-        raise ValueError(
-            f"Failed to melt token from foreign mint {token_obj.mint}: {e}"
-        ) from e
+        if total_needed > token_amount:
+            recomputed = _net_minted_amount(
+                amount_msat,
+                token_obj.unit,
+                melt_quote.fee_reserve + input_fees + observed_extra_fee,
+            )
+            if attempt >= _MAX_SWAP_ATTEMPTS or recomputed <= 0:
+                logger.warning(
+                    "swap_to_primary_mint: insufficient token amount for melt fees",
+                    extra={
+                        "token_amount": token_amount,
+                        "melt_amount": melt_quote.amount,
+                        "melt_fee_reserve": melt_quote.fee_reserve,
+                        "input_fees": input_fees,
+                        "total_needed": total_needed,
+                        "shortfall": total_needed - token_amount,
+                        "attempts": attempt,
+                    },
+                )
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Token amount ({token_amount} {token_obj.unit}) is insufficient to cover "
+                    f"melt fees. Needed: {total_needed} {token_obj.unit} "
+                    f"(amount: {melt_quote.amount} + fee: {melt_quote.fee_reserve} + input_fees: {input_fees})"
+                )
+            logger.warning(
+                "swap_to_primary_mint: melt quote exceeds token amount, retrying",
+                extra={
+                    "total_needed": total_needed,
+                    "token_amount": token_amount,
+                    "retry_minted_amount": recomputed,
+                    "attempt": attempt,
+                },
+            )
+            minted_amount = recomputed
+            continue
+
+        try:
+            _ = await token_wallet.melt(
+                proofs=token_obj.proofs,
+                invoice=mint_quote.request,
+                fee_reserve_sat=melt_quote.fee_reserve,
+                quote_id=melt_quote.quote,
+            )
+        except Exception as e:
+            # A down mint won't fix itself by retrying with a smaller amount.
+            if is_mint_connection_error(e):
+                logger.error(
+                    "swap_to_primary_mint: melt failed — mint unreachable",
+                    extra={"error": str(e), "foreign_mint": token_obj.mint},
+                )
+                raise MintConnectionError("Cashu mint is unreachable") from e
+            shortfall = _melt_insufficient_shortfall(e)
+            recomputed = 0
+            if shortfall is not None:
+                observed_extra_fee += shortfall
+                recomputed = _net_minted_amount(
+                    amount_msat,
+                    token_obj.unit,
+                    melt_quote.fee_reserve + input_fees + observed_extra_fee,
+                )
+            if shortfall is None or attempt >= _MAX_SWAP_ATTEMPTS or recomputed <= 0:
+                logger.error(
+                    "swap_to_primary_mint: melt failed",
+                    extra={
+                        "error": str(e),
+                        "error_type": type(e).__name__,
+                        "foreign_mint": token_obj.mint,
+                        "token_amount": token_amount,
+                        "melt_quote_id": melt_quote.quote,
+                        "total_needed": total_needed,
+                        "attempts": attempt,
+                    },
+                )
+                raise ValueError(
+                    f"Failed to melt token from foreign mint {token_obj.mint}: {e}"
+                ) from e
+            logger.warning(
+                "swap_to_primary_mint: mint demanded more than quoted at melt, retrying",
+                extra={
+                    "shortfall": shortfall,
+                    "retry_minted_amount": recomputed,
+                    "attempt": attempt,
+                },
+            )
+            minted_amount = recomputed
+            continue
+
+        break
 
     logger.info(
         "swap_to_primary_mint: melt succeeded, minting on primary",
@@ -337,21 +612,21 @@ async def swap_to_primary_mint(
                     # Recovery scan ran but did NOT restore the orphaned proofs
                     # (mint reports them as spent — they're stuck). Refuse to
                     # credit the API key balance for proofs we don't actually hold.
-                    raise ValueError(
+                    raise TokenConsumedError(
                         f"Swap recovery failed: mint signed outputs but proofs are "
                         f"unrecoverable (mint reports them spent). "
                         f"Expected {minted_amount}, recovered {balance_gained}. "
                         f"Local wallet DB ('.wallet/') state is corrupted — "
                         f"the counter for keyset is stuck at a bad index range."
                     )
-            except ValueError:
+            except TokenConsumedError:
                 raise
             except Exception as recovery_err:
                 logger.error(
                     "swap_to_primary_mint: recovery failed",
                     extra={"error": str(recovery_err)},
                 )
-                raise ValueError(
+                raise TokenConsumedError(
                     f"Mint on primary failed and recovery unsuccessful: {e}"
                 ) from e
         else:
@@ -364,7 +639,10 @@ async def swap_to_primary_mint(
                     "mint_quote_id": mint_quote.quote,
                 },
             )
-            raise
+            # Foreign proofs already melted (spent) — non-retryable.
+            raise TokenConsumedError(
+                "Mint on primary failed after successful melt"
+            ) from e
 
     logger.info(
         "swap_to_primary_mint: completed successfully",
@@ -403,20 +681,52 @@ async def credit_balance(
                 "credit_balance: Converted to msat", extra={"amount_msat": amount}
             )
 
+        # Guard against zero/negative redemptions (empty or dust tokens, or
+        # swap-to-primary-mint amounts that net to <= 0 after fees). Raising here
+        # — before the UPDATE/commit below — leaves any freshly-created, still
+        # uncommitted ApiKey row to be rolled back when the request session
+        # closes, instead of persisting an orphan key with balance 0.
+        if amount <= 0:
+            logger.error(
+                "credit_balance: Redeemed amount is zero or negative; refusing to credit",
+                extra={"amount": amount, "unit": unit, "mint_url": mint_url},
+            )
+            raise ValueError(
+                f"Redeemed token amount must be positive, got {amount} msats"
+            )
+
         logger.info(
             "credit_balance: Updating balance",
             extra={"old_balance": key.balance, "credit_amount": amount},
         )
 
-        # Use atomic SQL UPDATE to prevent race conditions during concurrent topups
-        stmt = (
-            update(db.ApiKey)
-            .where(col(db.ApiKey.hashed_key) == key.hashed_key)
-            .values(balance=(db.ApiKey.balance) + amount)
-        )
-        await session.exec(stmt)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
-        await session.commit()
-        await session.refresh(key)
+        # The token is already redeemed (spent) here, so any crediting failure
+        # is post-redemption and non-retryable — surface it as TokenConsumedError
+        # (a key that vanished mid-flight, or an unexpected DB fault), never a
+        # retryable/token-error taxonomy.
+        try:
+            # Atomic UPDATE to prevent race conditions during concurrent topups.
+            stmt = (
+                update(db.ApiKey)
+                .where(col(db.ApiKey.hashed_key) == key.hashed_key)
+                .values(balance=(db.ApiKey.balance) + amount)
+            )
+            result = await session.exec(stmt)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+            # If pruning removed this key after redemption, do not commit a no-op
+            # balance update and pretend the top-up succeeded.
+            if (getattr(result, "rowcount", 0) or 0) == 0:
+                raise TokenConsumedError(
+                    "Token redeemed but the API key disappeared before the "
+                    "credit could be recorded"
+                )
+            await session.commit()
+            await session.refresh(key)
+        except TokenConsumedError:
+            raise
+        except Exception as db_error:
+            raise TokenConsumedError(
+                "Token redeemed but crediting the balance failed"
+            ) from db_error
 
         logger.info(
             "credit_balance: Balance updated successfully",
@@ -553,11 +863,19 @@ async def fetch_all_balances(
             }
             return error_result
 
+    # Build the set of mints to inspect. Received tokens are stored against
+    # ``primary_mint`` (which defaults to a real mint even when ``cashu_mints``
+    # is empty), so include it as a fallback — otherwise a node that accepts
+    # payments would still report empty balances when ``cashu_mints`` is unset.
+    mint_urls: list[str] = list(settings.cashu_mints)
+    if settings.primary_mint and settings.primary_mint not in mint_urls:
+        mint_urls.append(settings.primary_mint)
+
     # Create tasks for all mint/unit combinations
     async with db.create_session() as session:
         tasks = [
             fetch_balance(session, mint_url, unit)
-            for mint_url in settings.cashu_mints
+            for mint_url in mint_urls
             for unit in units
         ]
 

tests/integration/conftest.py

@@ -174,17 +174,20 @@ class TestmintWallet:
         """Fallback method to create a basic test token"""
         import base64
         import json
-        import random
-        import time
+        import secrets
 
-        unique_id = int(time.time() * 1000000) + random.randint(1000, 9999)
+        # Use a cryptographically random id/secret so every minted token is
+        # guaranteed unique. Time/PRNG-based ids can collide on hosts with
+        # coarse clock resolution, producing byte-identical tokens that hash to
+        # the same api_key and silently dedupe (flaky concurrency tests).
+        unique_id = secrets.token_hex(16)
         token_data = {
             "token": [
                 {
                     "mint": self.mint_url,
                     "proofs": [
                         {
-                            "id": f"009a1f293253e41e{unique_id % 100000000:08d}",
+                            "id": f"009a1f293253e41e{unique_id[:8]}",
                             "amount": amount,
                             "secret": f"test-secret-{amount}-{unique_id}",
                             "C": "02194603ffa36356f4a56b7df9371fc3192472351453ec7398b8da8117e7c3e104",

tests/integration/test_admin_model_cache_pricing.py

@@ -0,0 +1,229 @@
+import json
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+import pytest
+from httpx import AsyncClient
+from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
+
+from routstr.core.admin import admin_sessions
+from routstr.core.db import ModelRow, UpstreamProviderRow
+from routstr.payment.cost_calculation import CostData, calculate_cost
+from routstr.proxy import get_model_instance, reinitialize_upstreams
+
+
+def _admin_headers() -> dict[str, str]:
+    token = "test-admin-cache-pricing-token"
+    admin_sessions[token] = int(
+        (datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(minutes=5)).timestamp()
+    )
+    return {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
+
+
+def _model_payload(
+    provider_id: int,
+    *,
+    cache_read: float,
+    cache_write: float,
+) -> dict[str, object]:
+    return {
+        "id": "custom-cache-model",
+        "name": "Custom Cache Model",
+        "description": "custom model with explicit cache pricing",
+        "created": 0,
+        "context_length": 128000,
+        "architecture": {
+            "modality": "text",
+            "input_modalities": ["text"],
+            "output_modalities": ["text"],
+            "tokenizer": "unknown",
+            "instruct_type": None,
+        },
+        "pricing": {
+            "prompt": 1.4e-7,
+            "completion": 2.8e-7,
+            "input_cache_read": cache_read,
+            "input_cache_write": cache_write,
+            "request": 0.0,
+            "image": 0.0,
+            "web_search": 0.0,
+            "internal_reasoning": 0.0,
+        },
+        "per_request_limits": None,
+        "top_provider": None,
+        "upstream_provider_id": provider_id,
+        "canonical_slug": None,
+        "alias_ids": [],
+        "enabled": True,
+        "forwarded_model_id": "custom-cache-model",
+    }
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_admin_provider_model_api_persists_cache_pricing_on_create_and_update(
+    integration_client: AsyncClient,
+    integration_session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    provider = UpstreamProviderRow(
+        provider_type="generic",
+        base_url="https://custom-upstream.example/v1",
+        api_key="test-key",
+        provider_fee=1.0,
+    )
+    integration_session.add(provider)
+    await integration_session.commit()
+    await integration_session.refresh(provider)
+    assert provider.id is not None
+    await reinitialize_upstreams()
+
+    headers = _admin_headers()
+    create_payload = _model_payload(
+        provider.id,
+        cache_read=2.8e-9,
+        cache_write=3.5e-9,
+    )
+
+    with patch("routstr.payment.models.sats_usd_price", return_value=1e-6):
+        create_response = await integration_client.post(
+            f"/admin/api/upstream-providers/{provider.id}/models",
+            headers=headers,
+            json=create_payload,
+        )
+
+    assert create_response.status_code == 200
+    create_body = create_response.json()
+    assert create_body["pricing"]["input_cache_read"] == pytest.approx(2.8e-9)
+    assert create_body["pricing"]["input_cache_write"] == pytest.approx(3.5e-9)
+
+    row = await integration_session.get(ModelRow, ("custom-cache-model", provider.id))
+    assert row is not None
+    stored_pricing = json.loads(row.pricing)
+    assert stored_pricing["input_cache_read"] == pytest.approx(2.8e-9)
+    assert stored_pricing["input_cache_write"] == pytest.approx(3.5e-9)
+
+    update_payload = _model_payload(
+        provider.id,
+        cache_read=1.25e-9,
+        cache_write=4.5e-9,
+    )
+
+    with patch("routstr.payment.models.sats_usd_price", return_value=1e-6):
+        update_response = await integration_client.post(
+            f"/admin/api/upstream-providers/{provider.id}/models",
+            headers=headers,
+            json=update_payload,
+        )
+
+    assert update_response.status_code == 200
+    update_body = update_response.json()
+    assert update_body["pricing"]["input_cache_read"] == pytest.approx(1.25e-9)
+    assert update_body["pricing"]["input_cache_write"] == pytest.approx(4.5e-9)
+
+    await integration_session.refresh(row)
+    updated_pricing = json.loads(row.pricing)
+    assert updated_pricing["input_cache_read"] == pytest.approx(1.25e-9)
+    assert updated_pricing["input_cache_write"] == pytest.approx(4.5e-9)
+
+    model = get_model_instance("custom-cache-model")
+    assert model is not None
+    assert model.sats_pricing is not None
+    assert model.sats_pricing.input_cache_read == pytest.approx(0.00125)
+    assert model.sats_pricing.input_cache_write == pytest.approx(0.0045)
+
+    with patch("routstr.payment.cost_calculation.sats_usd_price", return_value=1e-6):
+        cost = await calculate_cost(
+            {
+                "model": "custom-cache-model",
+                "usage": {
+                    "prompt_tokens": 1000,
+                    "completion_tokens": 100,
+                    "prompt_tokens_details": {"cached_tokens": 800},
+                },
+            },
+            max_cost=1_000_000,
+        )
+
+    assert isinstance(cost, CostData)
+    assert cost.input_tokens == 200
+    assert cost.cache_read_input_tokens == 800
+    assert cost.cache_read_msats == 1000
+    assert cost.output_msats == 28000
+    assert cost.input_msats == 29000
+    assert cost.total_msats == 57000
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_upstream_response_cost_uses_model_cache_pricing(
+    integration_session: AsyncSession,
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    """A model's configured cache price must discount upstream cached-token usage."""
+    provider = UpstreamProviderRow(
+        provider_type="generic",
+        base_url="https://cache-priced-upstream.example/v1",
+        api_key="test-key",
+        provider_fee=1.0,
+    )
+    integration_session.add(provider)
+    await integration_session.commit()
+    await integration_session.refresh(provider)
+    assert provider.id is not None
+
+    row = ModelRow(
+        id="cache-priced-model",
+        name="Cache Priced Model",
+        description="model seeded with explicit cache pricing",
+        created=0,
+        context_length=128000,
+        architecture=json.dumps(
+            {
+                "modality": "text",
+                "input_modalities": ["text"],
+                "output_modalities": ["text"],
+                "tokenizer": "unknown",
+                "instruct_type": None,
+            }
+        ),
+        pricing=json.dumps(
+            {
+                "prompt": 1.4e-7,
+                "completion": 2.8e-7,
+                "input_cache_read": 1.25e-9,
+                "input_cache_write": 4.5e-9,
+            }
+        ),
+        upstream_provider_id=provider.id,
+        enabled=True,
+        forwarded_model_id="cache-priced-model",
+    )
+    integration_session.add(row)
+    await integration_session.commit()
+
+    with patch("routstr.payment.models.sats_usd_price", return_value=1e-6):
+        await reinitialize_upstreams()
+
+    with patch("routstr.payment.cost_calculation.sats_usd_price", return_value=1e-6):
+        cost = await calculate_cost(
+            {
+                "model": "cache-priced-model",
+                "usage": {
+                    "prompt_tokens": 1000,
+                    "completion_tokens": 100,
+                    "prompt_tokens_details": {"cached_tokens": 800},
+                },
+            },
+            max_cost=1_000_000,
+        )
+
+    assert isinstance(cost, CostData)
+    # prompt 1.4e-7 USD/token -> 0.14 sats/token -> 140 msats/token
+    # cache 1.25e-9 USD/token -> 0.00125 sats/token -> 1.25 msats/token
+    # completion 2.8e-7 USD/token -> 0.28 sats/token -> 280 msats/token
+    assert cost.input_tokens == 200
+    assert cost.cache_read_input_tokens == 800
+    assert cost.cache_read_msats == 1000
+    assert cost.input_msats == 29000
+    assert cost.output_msats == 28000
+    assert cost.total_msats == 57000

tests/integration/test_child_keys.py

@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+import asyncio
 import secrets
 from typing import Any
 
@@ -7,7 +8,7 @@ from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
 
 from routstr.auth import adjust_payment_for_tokens, pay_for_request
 from routstr.balance import ChildKeyRequest, create_child_key
-from routstr.core.db import ApiKey
+from routstr.core.db import ApiKey, create_session
 from routstr.core.settings import settings
 
 
@@ -119,6 +120,54 @@ async def test_child_key_insufficient_balance(
     assert exc.value.status_code == 402
 
 
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_concurrent_child_key_creation_is_atomic(
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    """Two concurrent create_child_key() calls with balance for exactly one must
+    result in exactly one success and one 402, with the parent balance deducted
+    only once."""
+    child_key_cost = 1000
+    settings.child_key_cost = child_key_cost
+
+    parent_hash = f"parent_concurrent_{secrets.token_hex(8)}"
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        parent = ApiKey(hashed_key=parent_hash, balance=child_key_cost)
+        session.add(parent)
+        await session.commit()
+
+    results: list[str] = []
+
+    async def attempt() -> None:
+        async with create_session() as session:
+            fresh_parent = await session.get(ApiKey, parent_hash)
+            assert fresh_parent is not None
+            try:
+                await create_child_key(ChildKeyRequest(count=1), fresh_parent, session)
+                results.append("success")
+            except HTTPException as exc:
+                assert exc.status_code == 402
+                results.append("blocked")
+
+    await asyncio.gather(attempt(), attempt())
+
+    assert sorted(results) == ["blocked", "success"], (
+        f"Expected exactly one success and one 402, got: {results}"
+    )
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        final = await session.get(ApiKey, parent_hash)
+        assert final is not None
+
+    assert final.balance == 0, (
+        f"Balance should be fully deducted once: expected 0, got {final.balance}"
+    )
+    assert final.total_spent == child_key_cost, (
+        f"total_spent should equal one deduction: expected {child_key_cost}, "
+        f"got {final.total_spent}"
+    )
+
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_child_key_cannot_create_child(integration_session: AsyncSession) -> None:
     parent_key = ApiKey(

tests/integration/test_child_keys_api.py

@@ -69,9 +69,14 @@ async def test_wallet_info_child_key_no_child_keys(
     info_response = await integration_client.get("/v1/wallet/info")
     assert info_response.status_code == 200
     info_data = info_response.json()
+    parent_key = authenticated_client._test_api_key  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    parent_key_hash = parent_key.removeprefix("sk-")
 
     assert info_data["is_child"] is True
     assert "child_keys" not in info_data
+    assert "parent_key" not in info_data
+    assert info_data["parent_key_preview"] == parent_key_hash[:8] + "..."
+    assert info_data["parent_key_preview"] not in {parent_key, parent_key_hash}
 
 
 @pytest.mark.integration

tests/integration/test_free_response_stale_reservation.py

@@ -0,0 +1,146 @@
+"""Regression tests for charging after stale reservation cleanup."""
+
+import time
+import uuid
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+import pytest
+from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
+
+from routstr.core.db import ApiKey
+from routstr.payment.cost_calculation import CostData
+
+
+def _make_key(balance: int, reserved: int) -> ApiKey:
+    return ApiKey(
+        hashed_key=f"test_{uuid.uuid4().hex}",
+        balance=balance,
+        reserved_balance=reserved,
+        total_spent=0,
+        total_requests=1,
+    )
+
+
+def _cost_data(total_msats: int) -> CostData:
+    return CostData(
+        base_msats=0,
+        input_msats=total_msats // 2,
+        output_msats=total_msats - total_msats // 2,
+        total_msats=total_msats,
+        total_usd=0.0,
+        input_tokens=100,
+        output_tokens=100,
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_overrun_charges_after_reservation_swept(
+    integration_session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    """Overrun finalize must charge even when the reservation was already released."""
+    from routstr.auth import adjust_payment_for_tokens
+
+    deducted_max_cost = 990  # discounted reservation
+    actual_token_cost = 1000  # actual cost overruns the reservation
+
+    # Sweeper has zeroed reserved_balance but left balance untouched.
+    key = _make_key(balance=1000, reserved=0)
+    integration_session.add(key)
+    await integration_session.commit()
+
+    response_data = {
+        "model": "test-model",
+        "usage": {"prompt_tokens": 100, "completion_tokens": 100},
+    }
+
+    with patch(
+        "routstr.auth.calculate_cost",
+        return_value=_cost_data(actual_token_cost),
+    ):
+        await adjust_payment_for_tokens(
+            key, response_data, integration_session, deducted_max_cost
+        )
+
+    await integration_session.refresh(key)
+
+    assert key.total_spent == actual_token_cost, (
+        f"Request was not billed (total_spent={key.total_spent}) — free response bug"
+    )
+    assert key.balance == 1000 - actual_token_cost, (
+        f"Balance not charged: {key.balance}"
+    )
+    assert key.balance >= 0
+    assert key.reserved_balance == 0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_free_response_path_closed_end_to_end(
+    integration_session: AsyncSession,
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    """A reservation released by the real sweeper must not yield a free response."""
+    from routstr.auth import adjust_payment_for_tokens, pay_for_request
+    from routstr.core.db import create_session, release_stale_reservations
+
+    deducted_max_cost = 990
+    actual_token_cost = 1000
+    key_hash = f"test_sweep_{uuid.uuid4().hex}"
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        session.add(
+            ApiKey(
+                hashed_key=key_hash,
+                balance=1000,
+                reserved_balance=0,
+                total_spent=0,
+                total_requests=0,
+            )
+        )
+        await session.commit()
+
+    # Reserve the request, then backdate reserved_at so the sweeper treats it as
+    # stale (simulates a stream that outlived stale_reservation_timeout_seconds).
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        key = await session.get(ApiKey, key_hash)
+        assert key is not None
+        await pay_for_request(key, deducted_max_cost, session)
+        await session.refresh(key)
+        assert key.reserved_balance == deducted_max_cost
+        key.reserved_at = int(time.time()) - 10_000
+        session.add(key)
+        await session.commit()
+
+    # Sweeper releases the stale reservation without charging.
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        released = await release_stale_reservations(session, max_age_seconds=300)
+        assert released == 1
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        key = await session.get(ApiKey, key_hash)
+        assert key is not None
+        assert key.reserved_balance == 0, "Precondition: sweeper zeroed the reservation"
+
+        response_data = {
+            "model": "test-model",
+            "usage": {"prompt_tokens": 100, "completion_tokens": 100},
+        }
+        with patch(
+            "routstr.auth.calculate_cost",
+            return_value=_cost_data(actual_token_cost),
+        ):
+            await adjust_payment_for_tokens(
+                key, response_data, session, deducted_max_cost
+            )
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        final = await session.get(ApiKey, key_hash)
+        assert final is not None
+
+    assert final.total_spent == actual_token_cost, (
+        f"Free response: total_spent={final.total_spent}, expected {actual_token_cost}"
+    )
+    assert final.balance == 1000 - actual_token_cost, (
+        f"Balance not charged after sweep: {final.balance}"
+    )
+    assert final.balance >= 0
+    assert final.reserved_balance == 0

tests/integration/test_key_logic.py

@@ -1,12 +1,14 @@
+import asyncio
 import time
 from datetime import datetime, timedelta
 
 import pytest
+from fastapi import HTTPException
 from sqlmodel import select
 from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
 
 from routstr.auth import pay_for_request
-from routstr.core.db import ApiKey
+from routstr.core.db import ApiKey, create_session
 
 
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
@@ -120,6 +122,270 @@ async def test_periodic_key_reset_job(integration_session: AsyncSession) -> None
     assert key2.total_spent == 0
 
 
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_balance_limit_enforced_atomically_under_concurrency(
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    parent_hash = "parent_limit_atomic"
+    child_hash = "child_limit_atomic"
+    cost = 300
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        parent = ApiKey(hashed_key=parent_hash, balance=10000)
+        child = ApiKey(
+            hashed_key=child_hash,
+            balance=0,
+            parent_key_hash=parent_hash,
+            balance_limit=cost,
+            total_spent=0,
+        )
+        session.add(parent)
+        session.add(child)
+        await session.commit()
+
+    results: list[str] = []
+
+    async def attempt() -> None:
+        async with create_session() as session:
+            fresh_child = await session.get(ApiKey, child_hash)
+            assert fresh_child is not None
+            try:
+                await pay_for_request(fresh_child, cost, session)
+                results.append("success")
+            except HTTPException as exc:
+                assert exc.status_code == 402
+                results.append("blocked")
+
+    await asyncio.gather(attempt(), attempt())
+
+    assert sorted(results) == ["blocked", "success"], (
+        f"Expected exactly one success and one 402, got: {results}"
+    )
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        final_child = await session.get(ApiKey, child_hash)
+        assert final_child is not None
+
+    assert final_child.reserved_balance == cost, (
+        f"Child reserved_balance should equal one reservation, "
+        f"got {final_child.reserved_balance}"
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_parallel_payments_with_parent_and_child_key(
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    parent_hash = "parent_parallel_mixed"
+    child_hash = "child_parallel_mixed"
+    cost = 300
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        parent = ApiKey(hashed_key=parent_hash, balance=10000)
+        child = ApiKey(
+            hashed_key=child_hash,
+            balance=0,
+            parent_key_hash=parent_hash,
+            balance_limit=2 * cost,
+        )
+        session.add(parent)
+        session.add(child)
+        await session.commit()
+
+    async def attempt(key_hash: str) -> str:
+        async with create_session() as session:
+            fresh_key = await session.get(ApiKey, key_hash)
+            assert fresh_key is not None
+            try:
+                await pay_for_request(fresh_key, cost, session)
+                return "success"
+            except HTTPException as exc:
+                assert exc.status_code == 402
+                return "blocked"
+
+    results = await asyncio.gather(attempt(parent_hash), attempt(child_hash))
+
+    assert results == ["success", "success"], (
+        f"Both parent and child payments should succeed, got: {results}"
+    )
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        final_parent = await session.get(ApiKey, parent_hash)
+        final_child = await session.get(ApiKey, child_hash)
+        assert final_parent is not None
+        assert final_child is not None
+
+    # Both requests bill the parent; only the child request reserves on the child.
+    assert final_parent.reserved_balance == 2 * cost
+    assert final_parent.total_requests == 2
+    assert final_child.reserved_balance == cost
+    assert final_child.total_requests == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_balance_limit_with_existing_total_spent_under_concurrency(
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    parent_hash = "parent_total_spent"
+    child_hash = "child_total_spent"
+    cost = 300
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        parent = ApiKey(hashed_key=parent_hash, balance=10000)
+        # 700 already spent against a 1000 limit: only one more 300 request fits.
+        child = ApiKey(
+            hashed_key=child_hash,
+            balance=0,
+            parent_key_hash=parent_hash,
+            balance_limit=1000,
+            total_spent=700,
+        )
+        session.add(parent)
+        session.add(child)
+        await session.commit()
+
+    results: list[str] = []
+
+    async def attempt() -> None:
+        async with create_session() as session:
+            fresh_child = await session.get(ApiKey, child_hash)
+            assert fresh_child is not None
+            try:
+                await pay_for_request(fresh_child, cost, session)
+                results.append("success")
+            except HTTPException as exc:
+                assert exc.status_code == 402
+                results.append("blocked")
+
+    await asyncio.gather(attempt(), attempt())
+
+    assert sorted(results) == ["blocked", "success"], (
+        f"Expected exactly one success and one 402, got: {results}"
+    )
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        final_child = await session.get(ApiKey, child_hash)
+        assert final_child is not None
+
+    assert final_child.reserved_balance == cost
+    assert final_child.total_spent == 700
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_balance_limit_with_existing_reserved_balance(
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    parent_hash = "parent_reserved_set"
+    blocked_hash = "child_reserved_blocked"
+    allowed_hash = "child_reserved_allowed"
+    cost = 300
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        parent = ApiKey(hashed_key=parent_hash, balance=10000)
+        # 800 already reserved against a 1000 limit: another 300 must be rejected.
+        blocked_child = ApiKey(
+            hashed_key=blocked_hash,
+            balance=0,
+            parent_key_hash=parent_hash,
+            balance_limit=1000,
+            reserved_balance=800,
+        )
+        # 500 reserved against a 1000 limit: another 300 still fits.
+        allowed_child = ApiKey(
+            hashed_key=allowed_hash,
+            balance=0,
+            parent_key_hash=parent_hash,
+            balance_limit=1000,
+            reserved_balance=500,
+        )
+        session.add(parent)
+        session.add(blocked_child)
+        session.add(allowed_child)
+        await session.commit()
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        fresh_blocked = await session.get(ApiKey, blocked_hash)
+        assert fresh_blocked is not None
+        with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+            await pay_for_request(fresh_blocked, cost, session)
+        assert exc_info.value.status_code == 402
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        fresh_allowed = await session.get(ApiKey, allowed_hash)
+        assert fresh_allowed is not None
+        await pay_for_request(fresh_allowed, cost, session)
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        final_blocked = await session.get(ApiKey, blocked_hash)
+        final_allowed = await session.get(ApiKey, allowed_hash)
+        final_parent = await session.get(ApiKey, parent_hash)
+        assert final_blocked is not None
+        assert final_allowed is not None
+        assert final_parent is not None
+
+    assert final_blocked.reserved_balance == 800, "Rejected request must not reserve"
+    assert final_blocked.total_requests == 0
+    assert final_allowed.reserved_balance == 500 + cost
+    assert final_allowed.total_requests == 1
+    # Only the allowed request should have billed the parent.
+    assert final_parent.reserved_balance == cost
+    assert final_parent.total_requests == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_child_reservation_discarded_when_parent_balance_depleted(
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    parent_hash = "parent_depleted"
+    child_hash = "child_depleted"
+    cost = 300
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        # Parent can only afford one request; child has no balance_limit.
+        parent = ApiKey(hashed_key=parent_hash, balance=cost)
+        child = ApiKey(
+            hashed_key=child_hash,
+            balance=0,
+            parent_key_hash=parent_hash,
+        )
+        session.add(parent)
+        session.add(child)
+        await session.commit()
+
+    results: list[str] = []
+
+    async def attempt() -> None:
+        async with create_session() as session:
+            fresh_child = await session.get(ApiKey, child_hash)
+            assert fresh_child is not None
+            try:
+                await pay_for_request(fresh_child, cost, session)
+                results.append("success")
+            except HTTPException as exc:
+                assert exc.status_code == 402
+                results.append("blocked")
+
+    await asyncio.gather(attempt(), attempt())
+
+    assert sorted(results) == ["blocked", "success"], (
+        f"Expected exactly one success and one 402, got: {results}"
+    )
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        final_parent = await session.get(ApiKey, parent_hash)
+        final_child = await session.get(ApiKey, child_hash)
+        assert final_parent is not None
+        assert final_child is not None
+
+    assert final_parent.reserved_balance == cost
+    # The failed request must not leave a committed reservation on the child.
+    assert final_child.reserved_balance == cost, (
+        f"Child reserved_balance should reflect only the successful request, "
+        f"got {final_child.reserved_balance}"
+    )
+    assert final_child.total_requests == 1
+
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_refund_does_not_delete_key(integration_session: AsyncSession) -> None:
     # This requires mocking the router call or testing the logic in balance.py

tests/integration/test_lightning_invoice_constraints.py

@@ -0,0 +1,159 @@
+"""Integration tests for Lightning invoice key constraint fields.
+
+Covers two things:
+- The three constraint fields (balance_limit, balance_limit_reset, validity_date)
+  are persisted on LightningInvoice and survive a DB round-trip.
+- create_api_key_from_invoice propagates those fields to the created ApiKey,
+  so the constraints are actually enforced when the key is used.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import time
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, patch
+
+import pytest
+from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
+
+from routstr.core.db import ApiKey, LightningInvoice
+from routstr.lightning import create_api_key_from_invoice
+
+
+def _make_invoice(**kwargs: object) -> LightningInvoice:
+    base = dict(
+        id="inv_test_001",
+        bolt11="lnbc1000n1test",
+        amount_sats=1000,
+        description="test invoice",
+        payment_hash="deadbeef" * 8,
+        status="paid",
+        purpose="create",
+        expires_at=int(time.time()) + 3600,
+        paid_at=int(time.time()),
+    )
+    base.update(kwargs)
+    return LightningInvoice(**base)  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def mock_wallet_mint() -> object:
+    with patch("routstr.lightning.get_wallet") as mock_get_wallet:
+        wallet = AsyncMock()
+        wallet.mint = AsyncMock(return_value=[])
+        mock_get_wallet.return_value = wallet
+        yield mock_get_wallet
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Persistence
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_invoice_persists_balance_limit(
+    integration_session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    invoice = _make_invoice(balance_limit=5000)
+    integration_session.add(invoice)
+    await integration_session.commit()
+
+    stored = await integration_session.get(LightningInvoice, invoice.id)
+    assert stored is not None
+    assert stored.balance_limit == 5000
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_invoice_persists_balance_limit_reset(
+    integration_session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    invoice = _make_invoice(balance_limit=5000, balance_limit_reset="daily")
+    integration_session.add(invoice)
+    await integration_session.commit()
+
+    stored = await integration_session.get(LightningInvoice, invoice.id)
+    assert stored is not None
+    assert stored.balance_limit_reset == "daily"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_invoice_persists_validity_date(
+    integration_session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    expiry = int(time.time()) + 86400
+    invoice = _make_invoice(validity_date=expiry)
+    integration_session.add(invoice)
+    await integration_session.commit()
+
+    stored = await integration_session.get(LightningInvoice, invoice.id)
+    assert stored is not None
+    assert stored.validity_date == expiry
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Propagation to ApiKey
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_created_key_receives_balance_limit(
+    integration_session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    invoice = _make_invoice(balance_limit=8000)
+    integration_session.add(invoice)
+    await integration_session.flush()
+
+    api_key = await create_api_key_from_invoice(invoice, integration_session)
+    await integration_session.commit()
+
+    stored_key = await integration_session.get(ApiKey, api_key.hashed_key)
+    assert stored_key is not None
+    assert stored_key.balance_limit == 8000
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_created_key_receives_balance_limit_reset(
+    integration_session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    invoice = _make_invoice(balance_limit=8000, balance_limit_reset="monthly")
+    integration_session.add(invoice)
+    await integration_session.flush()
+
+    api_key = await create_api_key_from_invoice(invoice, integration_session)
+    await integration_session.commit()
+
+    stored_key = await integration_session.get(ApiKey, api_key.hashed_key)
+    assert stored_key is not None
+    assert stored_key.balance_limit_reset == "monthly"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_created_key_receives_validity_date(
+    integration_session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    expiry = int(time.time()) + 86400
+    invoice = _make_invoice(validity_date=expiry)
+    integration_session.add(invoice)
+    await integration_session.flush()
+
+    api_key = await create_api_key_from_invoice(invoice, integration_session)
+    await integration_session.commit()
+
+    stored_key = await integration_session.get(ApiKey, api_key.hashed_key)
+    assert stored_key is not None
+    assert stored_key.validity_date == expiry
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_created_key_without_constraints_has_none_fields(
+    integration_session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    invoice = _make_invoice()
+    integration_session.add(invoice)
+    await integration_session.flush()
+
+    api_key = await create_api_key_from_invoice(invoice, integration_session)
+    await integration_session.commit()
+
+    stored_key = await integration_session.get(ApiKey, api_key.hashed_key)
+    assert stored_key is not None
+    assert stored_key.balance_limit is None
+    assert stored_key.balance_limit_reset is None
+    assert stored_key.validity_date is None

tests/integration/test_model_test_endpoint_security.py

@@ -0,0 +1,224 @@
+import time
+from types import TracebackType
+from typing import Any
+from unittest.mock import patch
+
+import pytest
+from httpx import AsyncClient
+
+from routstr.core.admin import admin_sessions
+from routstr.core.db import ModelRow, UpstreamProviderRow
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_model_test_endpoint_requires_admin_auth(
+    integration_client: AsyncClient,
+) -> None:
+    with patch("httpx.AsyncClient") as mock_async_client:
+        response = await integration_client.post(
+            "/api/models/test",
+            json={
+                "model_id": "model-a",
+                "endpoint_type": "chat-completions",
+                "request_data": {"messages": []},
+            },
+        )
+
+    assert response.status_code == 403
+    mock_async_client.assert_not_called()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_model_test_endpoint_rejects_unsupported_endpoint_type(
+    integration_client: AsyncClient,
+    integration_session: Any,
+) -> None:
+    admin_token = "test-admin-token-model-test"
+    admin_sessions[admin_token] = int(time.time()) + 3600
+    integration_client.headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {admin_token}"
+
+    provider = UpstreamProviderRow(
+        provider_type="custom",
+        base_url="https://api.example.com/v1",
+        api_key="sk-upstream-test",
+        enabled=True,
+        provider_fee=1.01,
+    )
+    integration_session.add(provider)
+    await integration_session.commit()
+    await integration_session.refresh(provider)
+    assert provider.id is not None
+
+    model = ModelRow(
+        id="model-a",
+        name="Model A",
+        created=1,
+        description="desc",
+        context_length=100,
+        architecture='{"modality": "text", "input_modalities": ["text"], "output_modalities": ["text"], "tokenizer": "tiktoken", "instruct_type": "chat"}',
+        pricing='{"prompt": 1.0, "completion": 1.0}',
+        upstream_provider_id=provider.id,
+        enabled=True,
+    )
+    integration_session.add(model)
+    await integration_session.commit()
+
+    try:
+        with patch("httpx.AsyncClient") as mock_async_client:
+            response = await integration_client.post(
+                "/api/models/test",
+                json={
+                    "model_id": "model-a",
+                    "endpoint_type": "../../abuse",
+                    "request_data": {"messages": []},
+                },
+            )
+
+        assert response.status_code == 400
+        assert response.json()["detail"] == "Unsupported endpoint_type"
+        mock_async_client.assert_not_called()
+    finally:
+        admin_sessions.pop(admin_token, None)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_model_test_endpoint_rejects_oversized_request_data(
+    integration_client: AsyncClient,
+    integration_session: Any,
+) -> None:
+    admin_token = "test-admin-token-model-test-oversized"
+    admin_sessions[admin_token] = int(time.time()) + 3600
+    integration_client.headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {admin_token}"
+
+    provider = UpstreamProviderRow(
+        provider_type="custom",
+        base_url="https://api.example.com/v1",
+        api_key="sk-upstream-test",
+        enabled=True,
+        provider_fee=1.01,
+    )
+    integration_session.add(provider)
+    await integration_session.commit()
+    await integration_session.refresh(provider)
+    assert provider.id is not None
+
+    model = ModelRow(
+        id="model-a",
+        name="Model A",
+        created=1,
+        description="desc",
+        context_length=100,
+        architecture='{"modality": "text", "input_modalities": ["text"], "output_modalities": ["text"], "tokenizer": "tiktoken", "instruct_type": "chat"}',
+        pricing='{"prompt": 1.0, "completion": 1.0}',
+        upstream_provider_id=provider.id,
+        enabled=True,
+    )
+    integration_session.add(model)
+    await integration_session.commit()
+
+    oversized = "x" * (64 * 1024 + 1)
+
+    try:
+        with patch("httpx.AsyncClient") as mock_async_client:
+            response = await integration_client.post(
+                "/api/models/test",
+                json={
+                    "model_id": "model-a",
+                    "endpoint_type": "chat-completions",
+                    "request_data": {"blob": oversized},
+                },
+            )
+
+        assert response.status_code == 413
+        assert response.json()["detail"] == "request_data too large"
+        mock_async_client.assert_not_called()
+    finally:
+        admin_sessions.pop(admin_token, None)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_model_test_endpoint_admin_uses_allowed_upstream_path(
+    integration_client: AsyncClient,
+    integration_session: Any,
+) -> None:
+    admin_token = "test-admin-token-model-test-success"
+    admin_sessions[admin_token] = int(time.time()) + 3600
+    integration_client.headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {admin_token}"
+
+    provider = UpstreamProviderRow(
+        provider_type="custom",
+        base_url="https://api.example.com/v1",
+        api_key="sk-upstream-test",
+        enabled=True,
+        provider_fee=1.01,
+    )
+    integration_session.add(provider)
+    await integration_session.commit()
+    await integration_session.refresh(provider)
+    assert provider.id is not None
+
+    model = ModelRow(
+        id="model-a",
+        name="Model A",
+        created=1,
+        description="desc",
+        context_length=100,
+        architecture='{"modality": "text", "input_modalities": ["text"], "output_modalities": ["text"], "tokenizer": "tiktoken", "instruct_type": "chat"}',
+        pricing='{"prompt": 1.0, "completion": 1.0}',
+        upstream_provider_id=provider.id,
+        enabled=True,
+        forwarded_model_id="upstream-model-a",
+    )
+    integration_session.add(model)
+    await integration_session.commit()
+
+    class MockResponse:
+        status_code = 200
+        text = '{"ok": true}'
+
+        def json(self) -> dict[str, bool]:
+            return {"ok": True}
+
+    class MockAsyncClient:
+        async def __aenter__(self) -> "MockAsyncClient":
+            return self
+
+        async def __aexit__(
+            self,
+            exc_type: type[BaseException] | None,
+            exc: BaseException | None,
+            tb: TracebackType | None,
+        ) -> None:
+            return None
+
+        async def post(
+            self, url: str, json: dict[str, Any], headers: dict[str, str]
+        ) -> MockResponse:
+            assert url == "https://api.example.com/v1/chat/completions"
+            assert json["model"] == "upstream-model-a"
+            assert headers["Authorization"] == "Bearer sk-upstream-test"
+            return MockResponse()
+
+    try:
+        with patch("httpx.AsyncClient", return_value=MockAsyncClient()):
+            response = await integration_client.post(
+                "/api/models/test",
+                json={
+                    "model_id": "model-a",
+                    "endpoint_type": "chat-completions",
+                    "request_data": {"messages": []},
+                },
+            )
+
+        assert response.status_code == 200
+        assert response.json() == {
+            "success": True,
+            "data": {"ok": True},
+            "status_code": 200,
+        }
+    finally:
+        admin_sessions.pop(admin_token, None)

tests/integration/test_provider_self_lookup.py

@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+"""A live upstream provider resolves its OWN database row by stable identity
+(its primary key), not by its mutable/secret ``api_key``.
+
+Today ``from_db_row`` drops ``provider_row.id`` and the two self-referential
+paths — PPQ.AI's insufficient-balance self-disable and the base
+``refresh_models_cache`` — re-find their own row with
+``WHERE base_url == self.base_url AND api_key == self.api_key``. That uses a
+rotatable secret as a self-handle: the moment the row's key changes underneath a
+live object (a rotation racing an in-flight request), the object can no longer
+find itself. These tests pin the invariant that a provider looks itself up by
+identity, so the lookup survives a key change (and, later, key encryption).
+"""
+
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, patch
+
+import pytest
+
+from routstr.core.db import UpstreamProviderRow
+from routstr.upstream.ppqai import PPQAIUpstreamProvider
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_provider_object_carries_its_persistent_identity(
+    integration_session: object,
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    """``from_db_row`` gives the in-memory object its row's identity (``db_id``)."""
+    row = UpstreamProviderRow(
+        provider_type="ppqai",
+        base_url="https://api.ppq.ai",
+        api_key="sk-original",
+        enabled=True,
+        provider_fee=1.0,
+    )
+    integration_session.add(row)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    await integration_session.commit()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    await integration_session.refresh(row)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    provider = PPQAIUpstreamProvider.from_db_row(row)
+    assert provider is not None
+
+    assert provider.db_id == row.id
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_self_disable_targets_own_row_after_key_rotation(
+    integration_session: object,
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    """PPQ.AI self-disable must disable *its* row even after the key rotated.
+
+    RED (current): the object holds the pre-rotation key, so the
+    ``(base_url, api_key)`` lookup misses the row → the provider is never
+    disabled. GREEN: lookup by ``id`` finds it and disables it.
+    """
+    row = UpstreamProviderRow(
+        provider_type="ppqai",
+        base_url="https://api.ppq.ai",
+        api_key="sk-original",
+        enabled=True,
+        provider_fee=1.0,
+    )
+    integration_session.add(row)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    await integration_session.commit()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    await integration_session.refresh(row)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    provider = PPQAIUpstreamProvider.from_db_row(row)  # captures sk-original
+    assert provider is not None
+
+    # Key is rotated in the DB while `provider` is still live.
+    row.api_key = "sk-rotated"
+    integration_session.add(row)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    await integration_session.commit()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    with patch("routstr.proxy.reinitialize_upstreams", new=AsyncMock()):
+        await provider.on_upstream_error_redirect(402, "Insufficient balance")
+
+    await integration_session.refresh(row)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    assert row.enabled is False
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_refresh_models_cache_finds_own_row_after_key_rotation(
+    integration_session: object,
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    """``refresh_models_cache`` must resolve its own row after a key rotation.
+
+    ``refresh_models_cache`` swallows every exception (it only logs), so the
+    observable proof it found its row is that it reaches ``list_models`` — which
+    is called with the row's ``id`` only *after* the row is resolved. RED
+    (current): the stale-key ``(base_url, api_key)`` lookup returns nothing, the
+    method raises ``404`` internally and returns before ``list_models`` is ever
+    called. GREEN: lookup by ``id`` finds the row and ``list_models`` runs for
+    that ``id``.
+    """
+    row = UpstreamProviderRow(
+        provider_type="ppqai",
+        base_url="https://api.ppq.ai",
+        api_key="sk-original",
+        enabled=True,
+        provider_fee=1.0,
+    )
+    integration_session.add(row)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    await integration_session.commit()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    await integration_session.refresh(row)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    row_id = row.id
+
+    provider = PPQAIUpstreamProvider.from_db_row(row)  # captures sk-original
+    assert provider is not None
+
+    row.api_key = "sk-rotated"
+    integration_session.add(row)  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+    await integration_session.commit()  # type: ignore[attr-defined]
+
+    list_models_mock = AsyncMock(return_value=[])
+    with (
+        patch.object(provider, "fetch_models", new=AsyncMock(return_value=[])),
+        patch("routstr.upstream.base.list_models", new=list_models_mock),
+    ):
+        await provider.refresh_models_cache()
+
+    list_models_mock.assert_awaited_once()
+    assert list_models_mock.await_args is not None
+    assert list_models_mock.await_args.kwargs["upstream_id"] == row_id

tests/integration/test_prune_dead_api_keys.py

@@ -0,0 +1,283 @@
+"""
+Tests for prune_dead_api_keys — the janitor that removes provably-dead 0/0/0
+API keys (funded keys fully refunded/expired without ever being used, plus bare
+orphans), while protecting keys that are still meaningful.
+"""
+
+import time
+import uuid
+from collections.abc import Awaitable, Callable
+from typing import Any, cast
+
+import pytest
+from sqlalchemy.sql.dml import Update
+from sqlmodel import col, update
+
+from routstr.core.db import (
+    ApiKey,
+    CashuTransaction,
+    LightningInvoice,
+    create_session,
+    prune_dead_api_keys,
+)
+
+OLD = 100  # min_age_seconds used by the tests
+NOW = int(time.time())
+LONG_AGO = NOW - 10_000  # well past the grace period
+
+
+async def _exists(key_hash: str) -> bool:
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        return (await session.get(ApiKey, key_hash)) is not None
+
+
+def _dead_key(created_at: int | None) -> ApiKey:
+    return ApiKey(
+        hashed_key=f"dead_{uuid.uuid4().hex}",
+        balance=0,
+        reserved_balance=0,
+        total_spent=0,
+        total_requests=0,
+        created_at=created_at,
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_prunes_old_refunded_zero_key(patched_db_engine: None) -> None:
+    """A funded-then-refunded key (0/0/0, NULL parent, old) is pruned."""
+    key = _dead_key(LONG_AGO)
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        session.add(key)
+        await session.commit()
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        pruned = await prune_dead_api_keys(session, OLD)
+
+    assert pruned == 1
+    assert not await _exists(key.hashed_key)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_grace_period_protects_fresh_key(patched_db_engine: None) -> None:
+    """A dead-looking but recently created key is protected by the grace period."""
+    key = _dead_key(int(time.time()))
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        session.add(key)
+        await session.commit()
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        pruned = await prune_dead_api_keys(session, OLD)
+
+    assert pruned == 0
+    assert await _exists(key.hashed_key)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_used_key_never_pruned(patched_db_engine: None) -> None:
+    """Keys with any spend/requests or live balance are never pruned."""
+    spent = _dead_key(LONG_AGO)
+    spent.total_spent = 1
+    requested = _dead_key(LONG_AGO)
+    requested.total_requests = 1
+    funded = _dead_key(LONG_AGO)
+    funded.balance = 1000
+    reserved = _dead_key(LONG_AGO)
+    reserved.reserved_balance = 500
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        for k in (spent, requested, funded, reserved):
+            session.add(k)
+        await session.commit()
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        pruned = await prune_dead_api_keys(session, OLD)
+
+    assert pruned == 0
+    for k in (spent, requested, funded, reserved):
+        assert await _exists(k.hashed_key)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_parent_and_child_keys_are_not_pruned(
+    patched_db_engine: None,
+) -> None:
+    """Pruning must not orphan child keys or delete valid children."""
+    parent = _dead_key(LONG_AGO)
+    child = ApiKey(
+        hashed_key=f"child_{uuid.uuid4().hex}",
+        balance=0,
+        reserved_balance=0,
+        total_spent=0,
+        total_requests=0,
+        created_at=LONG_AGO,
+        parent_key_hash=parent.hashed_key,
+    )
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        session.add(parent)
+        session.add(child)
+        await session.commit()
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        pruned = await prune_dead_api_keys(session, OLD)
+
+    assert pruned == 0
+    assert await _exists(parent.hashed_key)
+    assert await _exists(child.hashed_key)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_pending_invoice_protects_key(patched_db_engine: None) -> None:
+    """A key referenced by a pending topup invoice is never pruned mid-topup."""
+    key = _dead_key(LONG_AGO)
+    invoice = LightningInvoice(
+        id=f"inv_{uuid.uuid4().hex}",
+        bolt11=f"lnbc_{uuid.uuid4().hex}",
+        amount_sats=10,
+        description="topup",
+        payment_hash=uuid.uuid4().hex,
+        status="pending",
+        api_key_hash=key.hashed_key,
+        purpose="topup",
+        expires_at=NOW + 10_000,
+    )
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        session.add(key)
+        session.add(invoice)
+        await session.commit()
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        pruned = await prune_dead_api_keys(session, OLD)
+
+    assert pruned == 0
+    assert await _exists(key.hashed_key)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_paid_invoice_does_not_protect_key(patched_db_engine: None) -> None:
+    """A settled (non-pending) invoice does not keep a dead key alive."""
+    key = _dead_key(LONG_AGO)
+    invoice = LightningInvoice(
+        id=f"inv_{uuid.uuid4().hex}",
+        bolt11=f"lnbc_{uuid.uuid4().hex}",
+        amount_sats=10,
+        description="topup",
+        payment_hash=uuid.uuid4().hex,
+        status="paid",
+        api_key_hash=key.hashed_key,
+        purpose="topup",
+        expires_at=NOW - 1,
+    )
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        session.add(key)
+        session.add(invoice)
+        await session.commit()
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        pruned = await prune_dead_api_keys(session, OLD)
+
+    assert pruned == 1
+    assert not await _exists(key.hashed_key)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_key_that_becomes_meaningful_during_prune_survives(
+    patched_db_engine: None, monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch
+) -> None:
+    """Revalidate before unlink/delete so a late top-up cannot be pruned."""
+    key = _dead_key(LONG_AGO)
+    txn = CashuTransaction(
+        id=uuid.uuid4().hex,
+        token="cashuABC",
+        amount=21,
+        unit="sat",
+        type="in",
+        source="apikey",
+        api_key_hashed_key=key.hashed_key,
+    )
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        session.add(key)
+        session.add(txn)
+        await session.commit()
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        original_exec = cast(Callable[..., Awaitable[Any]], session.exec)
+        topped_up = False
+
+        async def exec_with_late_topup(
+            statement: Any, *args: Any, **kwargs: Any
+        ) -> Any:
+            nonlocal topped_up
+            if (
+                not topped_up
+                and isinstance(statement, Update)
+                and getattr(statement.table, "name", None) == "cashu_transactions"
+            ):
+                topped_up = True
+                async with create_session() as topup_session:
+                    await topup_session.exec(  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+                        update(ApiKey)
+                        .where(col(ApiKey.hashed_key) == key.hashed_key)
+                        .values(balance=42)
+                    )
+                    await topup_session.commit()
+            return await original_exec(statement, *args, **kwargs)
+
+        monkeypatch.setattr(session, "exec", exec_with_late_topup)
+        pruned = await prune_dead_api_keys(session, OLD)
+
+    assert pruned == 0
+    assert await _exists(key.hashed_key)
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        surviving = await session.get(CashuTransaction, txn.id)
+        assert surviving is not None
+        assert surviving.api_key_hashed_key == key.hashed_key
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_transaction_audit_trail_preserved(patched_db_engine: None) -> None:
+    """Pruning a refunded key keeps its cashu_transactions, unlinked from the key."""
+    key = _dead_key(LONG_AGO)
+    txn = CashuTransaction(
+        id=uuid.uuid4().hex,
+        token="cashuABC",
+        amount=21,
+        unit="sat",
+        type="in",
+        source="apikey",
+        api_key_hashed_key=key.hashed_key,
+    )
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        session.add(key)
+        session.add(txn)
+        await session.commit()
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        pruned = await prune_dead_api_keys(session, OLD)
+
+    assert pruned == 1
+    assert not await _exists(key.hashed_key)
+
+    async with create_session() as session:
+        surviving = await session.get(CashuTransaction, txn.id)
+        assert surviving is not None, "Financial audit row must survive key deletion"
+        assert surviving.api_key_hashed_key is None, "Link must be nulled, not dangling"
+        assert surviving.amount == 21
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_periodic_prune_disabled_returns_immediately(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    """Non-positive intervals disable the janitor."""
+    from unittest.mock import AsyncMock
+
+    from routstr import auth
+    from routstr.core.settings import settings
+
+    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "dead_key_prune_interval_seconds", 0)
+    sleep_mock = AsyncMock()
+    monkeypatch.setattr(auth.asyncio, "sleep", sleep_mock)
+
+    await auth.periodic_dead_key_prune()
+
+    sleep_mock.assert_not_called()

tests/integration/test_swap_fee_retry.py

@@ -0,0 +1,194 @@
+"""
+Integration tests for reactive swap fee retries via the wallet topup endpoint.
+
+Foreign-mint tokens are swapped to the primary mint using the foreign mint's
+melt quote, whose fee_reserve is a non-binding estimate (NUT-05): the mint may
+demand more when re-quoting or at melt execution. These tests cover the
+endpoint behaviour in those cases:
+
+1. The mint demands one sat more at melt time than every quote reported
+   (the mint.cubabitcoin.org incident): the swap retries with a smaller
+   invoice and the topup succeeds, crediting the recomputed amount.
+2. The real melt quote reports a higher fee_reserve than the estimate: the
+   swap re-quotes from the observed fee and the topup succeeds.
+3. The mint escalates its fee demands on every attempt: the retry budget is
+   exhausted and the endpoint returns 400 with a clear error (never 500),
+   without ever executing a melt.
+"""
+
+from collections.abc import Callable
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, Mock, patch
+
+import pytest
+from httpx import AsyncClient, Response
+
+from routstr.core.settings import settings
+
+# Captured at collection time, before the integration_app fixture replaces it
+# with the testmint stub that bypasses swapping (see conftest.py).
+from routstr.wallet import recieve_token as _real_recieve_token
+
+PRIMARY_MINT = "http://primary:3338"
+
+
+def _make_swap_mocks(
+    token_amount: int,
+    fee_reserves: list[int],
+    input_fees: int = 0,
+    mint_url: str = "http://foreign-mint:3338",
+) -> tuple[Mock, Mock, Mock]:
+    """Return (token, token_wallet, primary_wallet) mocks that act like a mint.
+
+    Mint quotes pass the requested amount through their ``request`` field and
+    melt quotes echo that amount back, so the mocks stay consistent for
+    whatever amounts the implementation requests. ``fee_reserves`` supplies the
+    fee_reserve of each successive melt quote (the first serves the estimation
+    pass); requesting more quotes than provided fails the test.
+    """
+    mock_token = Mock()
+    mock_token.mint = mint_url
+    mock_token.unit = "sat"
+    mock_token.amount = token_amount
+    mock_token.keysets = ["keyset1"]
+    mock_token.proofs = [Mock(amount=token_amount)]
+
+    mock_token_wallet = Mock()
+    mock_token_wallet.load_mint = AsyncMock()
+    mock_token_wallet.load_proofs = AsyncMock()
+    mock_token_wallet.get_fees_for_proofs = Mock(return_value=input_fees)
+
+    mock_primary_wallet = Mock()
+    mock_primary_wallet.load_mint = AsyncMock()
+    mock_primary_wallet.load_proofs = AsyncMock()
+    mock_primary_wallet.available_balance = Mock(amount=0)
+    mock_primary_wallet.mint = AsyncMock(return_value=Mock())
+
+    fees = iter(fee_reserves)
+
+    def _next_fee() -> int:
+        try:
+            return next(fees)
+        except StopIteration:
+            raise AssertionError(
+                "more melt quotes requested than fee_reserves provided"
+            ) from None
+
+    mock_primary_wallet.request_mint = AsyncMock(
+        side_effect=lambda amount: Mock(quote=f"mint_quote_{amount}", request=amount)
+    )
+    mock_token_wallet.melt_quote = AsyncMock(
+        side_effect=lambda invoice: Mock(
+            quote=f"melt_quote_{invoice}", amount=invoice, fee_reserve=_next_fee()
+        )
+    )
+    mock_token_wallet.melt = AsyncMock(return_value=Mock())
+
+    return mock_token, mock_token_wallet, mock_primary_wallet
+
+
+def _wallet_router(primary_wallet: Mock, token_wallet: Mock) -> Callable[..., Mock]:
+    """Route get_wallet calls to the primary or foreign wallet mock by URL."""
+
+    def fake_get_wallet(mint_url: str, unit: str = "sat", load: bool = True) -> Mock:
+        return primary_wallet if mint_url == PRIMARY_MINT else token_wallet
+
+    return fake_get_wallet
+
+
+async def _post_topup(
+    client: AsyncClient,
+    mock_token: Mock,
+    token_wallet: Mock,
+    primary_wallet: Mock,
+) -> Response:
+    """POST /v1/wallet/topup with the swap layer mocked at the mint boundary.
+
+    The conftest's testmint stub for recieve_token is swapped back for the
+    real implementation so the request exercises the actual swap path.
+    """
+    with patch("routstr.wallet.recieve_token", _real_recieve_token):
+        with patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.deserialize_token_from_string", return_value=mock_token
+        ):
+            with patch(
+                "routstr.wallet.get_wallet",
+                side_effect=_wallet_router(primary_wallet, token_wallet),
+            ):
+                with patch.object(settings, "primary_mint", PRIMARY_MINT):
+                    with patch.object(settings, "primary_mint_unit", "sat"):
+                        with patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", [PRIMARY_MINT]):
+                            return await client.post(
+                                "/v1/wallet/topup",
+                                params={"cashu_token": "cashuAtest_foreign_token"},
+                            )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_topup_retries_when_melt_demands_more_than_quoted(
+    authenticated_client: AsyncClient,
+) -> None:
+    """A 179-sat token where every quote reports fee_reserve=1 but the mint
+    rejects the first melt demanding 180. The retry shrinks the invoice to 177
+    and the topup credits 177 sats (177_000 msats)."""
+    mock_token, token_wallet, primary_wallet = _make_swap_mocks(
+        179, fee_reserves=[1, 1, 1], mint_url="http://mint.cubabitcoin.org"
+    )
+    token_wallet.melt.side_effect = [
+        Exception(
+            "Mint Error: not enough inputs provided for melt. "
+            "Provided: 179, needed: 180 (Code: 11000)"
+        ),
+        Mock(),
+    ]
+
+    response = await _post_topup(
+        authenticated_client, mock_token, token_wallet, primary_wallet
+    )
+
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json()["msats"] == 177_000
+    assert token_wallet.melt.call_count == 2
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_topup_retries_when_quote_fee_exceeds_estimate(
+    authenticated_client: AsyncClient,
+) -> None:
+    """A 1000-sat token estimated at fee 20, but the real quote demands 23.
+    The retry recomputes 1000 - 23 = 977, which fits, and the topup credits
+    977 sats (977_000 msats) with a single melt."""
+    mock_token, token_wallet, primary_wallet = _make_swap_mocks(
+        1000, fee_reserves=[20, 23, 23]
+    )
+
+    response = await _post_topup(
+        authenticated_client, mock_token, token_wallet, primary_wallet
+    )
+
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    assert response.json()["msats"] == 977_000
+    assert token_wallet.melt.call_count == 1
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_topup_returns_422_when_retries_exhausted(
+    authenticated_client: AsyncClient,
+) -> None:
+    """A mint that escalates fee_reserve on every re-quote (1 → 10 → 25 → 50)
+    exhausts the retry budget: clean 422 mint_error/too-small taxonomy, melt
+    never executed."""
+    mock_token, token_wallet, primary_wallet = _make_swap_mocks(
+        1000, fee_reserves=[1, 10, 25, 50]
+    )
+
+    response = await _post_topup(
+        authenticated_client, mock_token, token_wallet, primary_wallet
+    )
+
+    assert response.status_code == 422
+    assert "too small to cover swap fees" in response.json()["detail"]
+    assert token_wallet.melt_quote.call_count == 4  # estimation + 3 attempts
+    token_wallet.melt.assert_not_called()

tests/integration/test_temporary_balances_api.py

@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
+
+import httpx
+import pytest
+from sqlmodel import col, update
+from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
+
+from routstr.core.admin import admin_sessions
+from routstr.core.db import ApiKey
+
+
+def _admin_headers() -> dict[str, str]:
+    token = "test-admin-token"
+    admin_sessions[token] = int(
+        (datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(minutes=5)).timestamp()
+    )
+    return {"Authorization": f"Bearer {token}"}
+
+
+async def _add_key(
+    session: AsyncSession,
+    hashed_key: str,
+    *,
+    balance: int = 0,
+    total_spent: int = 0,
+    total_requests: int = 0,
+    created_at: int | None = None,
+    parent_key_hash: str | None = None,
+    refund_address: str | None = None,
+) -> ApiKey:
+    key = ApiKey(
+        hashed_key=hashed_key,
+        balance=balance,
+        total_spent=total_spent,
+        total_requests=total_requests,
+        parent_key_hash=parent_key_hash,
+        refund_address=refund_address,
+    )
+    key.created_at = created_at
+    session.add(key)
+    await session.commit()
+
+    # The model's default_factory is translated into a SQLAlchemy column
+    # default that fires on INSERT whenever the value is None, so a true NULL
+    # (a legacy row created before the column existed) can only be produced by
+    # an explicit UPDATE after insert.
+    if created_at is None:
+        await session.exec(
+            update(ApiKey)  # type: ignore[call-overload]
+            .where(col(ApiKey.hashed_key) == hashed_key)
+            .values(created_at=None)
+        )
+        await session.commit()
+    return key
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_temporary_balances_envelope_and_created_at(
+    integration_client: httpx.AsyncClient,
+    integration_session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    await _add_key(integration_session, "key_a", balance=1000, created_at=1000)
+
+    response = await integration_client.get(
+        "/admin/api/temporary-balances", headers=_admin_headers()
+    )
+
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    body = response.json()
+    assert set(body.keys()) == {"balances", "total", "totals"}
+    assert body["total"] == 1
+    assert body["balances"][0]["hashed_key"] == "key_a"
+    assert body["balances"][0]["created_at"] == 1000
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_temporary_balances_sorted_latest_first_nulls_last(
+    integration_client: httpx.AsyncClient,
+    integration_session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    await _add_key(integration_session, "older", created_at=1000)
+    await _add_key(integration_session, "newer", created_at=2000)
+    await _add_key(integration_session, "legacy", created_at=None)
+
+    response = await integration_client.get(
+        "/admin/api/temporary-balances", headers=_admin_headers()
+    )
+
+    assert response.status_code == 200
+    order = [b["hashed_key"] for b in response.json()["balances"]]
+    # Newest created first, NULL created_at (legacy) sorts last.
+    assert order == ["newer", "older", "legacy"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_temporary_balances_pagination(
+    integration_client: httpx.AsyncClient,
+    integration_session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    for i in range(5):
+        await _add_key(integration_session, f"key_{i}", created_at=1000 + i)
+
+    headers = _admin_headers()
+    page1 = (
+        await integration_client.get(
+            "/admin/api/temporary-balances?limit=2&offset=0", headers=headers
+        )
+    ).json()
+    page2 = (
+        await integration_client.get(
+            "/admin/api/temporary-balances?limit=2&offset=2", headers=headers
+        )
+    ).json()
+
+    assert page1["total"] == 5
+    assert page2["total"] == 5
+    assert [b["hashed_key"] for b in page1["balances"]] == ["key_4", "key_3"]
+    assert [b["hashed_key"] for b in page2["balances"]] == ["key_2", "key_1"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_temporary_balances_totals_exclude_child_balance(
+    integration_client: httpx.AsyncClient,
+    integration_session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    await _add_key(
+        integration_session,
+        "parent",
+        balance=5000,
+        total_spent=100,
+        total_requests=3,
+        created_at=1000,
+    )
+    # Child draws from parent's balance, so its balance must NOT be summed,
+    # but its spent/requests still count.
+    await _add_key(
+        integration_session,
+        "child",
+        balance=0,
+        total_spent=200,
+        total_requests=7,
+        created_at=1001,
+        parent_key_hash="parent",
+    )
+
+    response = await integration_client.get(
+        "/admin/api/temporary-balances", headers=_admin_headers()
+    )
+
+    totals = response.json()["totals"]
+    assert totals["total_balance"] == 5000
+    assert totals["total_spent"] == 300
+    assert totals["total_requests"] == 10
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_temporary_balances_search_filters_total_and_totals(
+    integration_client: httpx.AsyncClient,
+    integration_session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    await _add_key(
+        integration_session,
+        "alpha",
+        balance=1000,
+        created_at=1000,
+        refund_address="alice@ln.tld",
+    )
+    await _add_key(
+        integration_session,
+        "beta",
+        balance=2000,
+        created_at=1001,
+        refund_address="bob@ln.tld",
+    )
+
+    headers = _admin_headers()
+
+    # Match by hashed_key.
+    by_key = (
+        await integration_client.get(
+            "/admin/api/temporary-balances?search=alpha", headers=headers
+        )
+    ).json()
+    assert by_key["total"] == 1
+    assert by_key["balances"][0]["hashed_key"] == "alpha"
+    # totals reflect only the filtered set.
+    assert by_key["totals"]["total_balance"] == 1000
+
+    # Match by refund_address.
+    by_addr = (
+        await integration_client.get(
+            "/admin/api/temporary-balances?search=bob@ln.tld", headers=headers
+        )
+    ).json()
+    assert by_addr["total"] == 1
+    assert by_addr["balances"][0]["hashed_key"] == "beta"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.integration
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_temporary_balances_requires_admin(
+    integration_client: httpx.AsyncClient,
+) -> None:
+    response = await integration_client.get("/admin/api/temporary-balances")
+    assert response.status_code in (401, 403)

tests/integration/test_wallet_authentication.py

@@ -12,10 +12,7 @@ from sqlmodel import select
 
 from routstr.core.db import ApiKey
 
-from .utils import (
-    CashuTokenGenerator,
-    ResponseValidator,
-)
+from .utils import ResponseValidator
 
 
 @pytest.mark.integration
@@ -79,29 +76,31 @@ async def test_api_key_generation_invalid_token(
     # Capture initial state
     await db_snapshot.capture()
 
-    # Test various invalid tokens
-    invalid_tokens = [
-        CashuTokenGenerator.generate_invalid_token(),  # Malformed token
-        "not-a-cashu-token",  # Wrong format
-        "cashuA",  # Empty token
-        "cashuA" + "x" * 1000,  # Invalid base64
+    # Non-Cashu bearer values are invalid API keys (401). Malformed values that
+    # look like Cashu tokens use the shared Cashu taxonomy (400 invalid_token).
+    invalid_tokens: list[tuple[str, int, str | None]] = [
+        ("not-a-cashu-token", 401, None),
+        ("sk-not-a-real-api-key", 401, None),
+        ("cashuA", 400, "invalid_cashu_token"),
+        ("cashuA" + "x" * 1000, 400, "invalid_cashu_token"),
     ]
 
-    for invalid_token in invalid_tokens:
+    for invalid_token, expected_status, expected_code in invalid_tokens:
         integration_client.headers["Authorization"] = f"Bearer {invalid_token}"
         response = await integration_client.get("/v1/wallet/info")
 
-        # Should fail with 401
-        assert response.status_code == 401, (
+        assert response.status_code == expected_status, (
             f"Token {invalid_token[:20]}... should be invalid"
         )
 
         # Validate error response
         validator = ResponseValidator()
         error_validation = validator.validate_error_response(
-            response, expected_status=401, expected_error_key="detail"
+            response, expected_status=expected_status, expected_error_key="detail"
         )
         assert error_validation["valid"]
+        if expected_code is not None:
+            assert response.json()["detail"]["error"]["code"] == expected_code
 
     # Verify no database changes
     diff = await db_snapshot.diff()

tests/integration/test_wallet_refund.py

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ from httpx import AsyncClient
 from sqlmodel import select
 
 from routstr.core.db import ApiKey, CashuTransaction
+from routstr.wallet import MintConnectionError
 
 
 @pytest.mark.integration
@@ -503,26 +504,19 @@ async def test_mint_unavailability_handling(
 
     # The global mock in conftest.py is already in place,
     # so we need to temporarily modify it
-    from unittest.mock import patch
+    raw_error = "Mint unavailable: Connection refused"
 
-    # Make the send_token method raise an exception
+    # Make the send_token method raise a typed mint connection exception.
     with patch(
         "routstr.balance.send_token",
-        side_effect=Exception("Mint unavailable: Connection refused"),
+        side_effect=MintConnectionError(raw_error),
     ):
-        # The exception should propagate as a 503 error (Service Unavailable)
-        # But we need to handle it properly
-        try:
-            response = await authenticated_client.post("/v1/wallet/refund")
-            # If we get here, check the status code
-            assert response.status_code == 503
-            assert "Mint service unavailable" in response.json()["detail"]
-        except Exception as e:
-            # If the exception propagates, that's also a failure scenario
-            assert "Mint unavailable" in str(e)
+        response = await authenticated_client.post("/v1/wallet/refund")
+        assert response.status_code == 503
+        assert response.json()["detail"] == "Mint service unavailable"
+        assert raw_error not in response.text
 
         # Balance should remain unchanged (transaction should roll back)
-        # Note: Current implementation might not handle this perfectly
         wallet_response = await authenticated_client.get("/v1/wallet/")
         assert wallet_response.status_code == 200
         assert wallet_response.json()["balance"] == 10_000_000

tests/integration/test_wallet_topup.py

@@ -436,9 +436,9 @@ async def test_topup_with_zero_amount_token(  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
             "/v1/wallet/topup", params={"cashu_token": token}
         )
 
-        # Should succeed but add 0 msats
-        assert response.status_code == 200
-        assert response.json()["msats"] == 0
+        # Zero/negative redemptions are refused to avoid crediting empty
+        # or dust tokens (and to prevent orphan zero-balance keys).
+        assert response.status_code == 400
 
 
 @pytest.mark.integration

tests/unit/test_auth_cashu.py

@@ -0,0 +1,293 @@
+import hashlib
+from types import SimpleNamespace
+from typing import AsyncGenerator, cast
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, patch
+
+import httpx
+import pytest
+from fastapi import HTTPException
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncEngine, create_async_engine
+from sqlalchemy.pool import StaticPool
+from sqlmodel import SQLModel
+from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
+
+from routstr.auth import validate_bearer_key
+from routstr.core.db import ApiKey
+from routstr.wallet import MintConnectionError
+
+
+def _value_error_wrapping_transport() -> ValueError:
+    """A ValueError re-raised ``from`` a real httpx transport error, mirroring
+    ``wallet.py`` wrapping a connection failure. The sanitized classifier must
+    still see the mint-unreachable signal through the ``__cause__`` chain."""
+    try:
+        raise httpx.ConnectError("All connection attempts failed")
+    except httpx.ConnectError as exc:
+        err = ValueError("Failed to estimate fees: connection failed")
+        err.__cause__ = exc
+        return err
+
+
+def _make_engine() -> AsyncEngine:
+    return create_async_engine(
+        "sqlite+aiosqlite://",
+        poolclass=StaticPool,
+        connect_args={"check_same_thread": False},
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+async def session() -> AsyncGenerator[AsyncSession, None]:
+    engine = _make_engine()
+    async with engine.begin() as conn:
+        await conn.run_sync(SQLModel.metadata.create_all)
+    db_session = AsyncSession(engine, expire_on_commit=False)
+    try:
+        yield db_session
+    finally:
+        await db_session.close()
+        await engine.dispose()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_failed_first_cashu_redemption_rolls_back_empty_api_key(
+    session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    token = "cashuAfirst_seen_but_redemption_fails"
+    hashed_key = hashlib.sha256(token.encode()).hexdigest()
+    token_obj = SimpleNamespace(mint="http://mint:3338", unit="sat")
+
+    from routstr.core.settings import settings
+
+    with (
+        patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", ["http://mint:3338"]),
+        patch("routstr.auth.deserialize_token_from_string", return_value=token_obj),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.auth.credit_balance",
+            new=AsyncMock(side_effect=ValueError("token already spent")),
+        ),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(HTTPException):
+            await validate_bearer_key(token, session)
+
+    assert await session.get(ApiKey, hashed_key) is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("error", "expected_status", "expected_type", "expected_message", "expected_code"),
+    [
+        (
+            ValueError("Mint Error: Token already spent. (Code: 11001)"),
+            400,
+            "token_already_spent",
+            "Cashu token already spent",
+            "cashu_token_already_spent",
+        ),
+        (
+            # Raw httpx transport error propagated unwrapped from cashu.
+            httpx.ConnectError("All connection attempts failed"),
+            503,
+            "mint_unreachable",
+            "Cashu mint is unreachable",
+            "cashu_mint_unreachable",
+        ),
+        (
+            # Typed error raised by wallet.py at a wrap site.
+            MintConnectionError("connect to http://mint:3338 refused"),
+            503,
+            "mint_unreachable",
+            "Cashu mint is unreachable",
+            "cashu_mint_unreachable",
+        ),
+        (
+            # ValueError wrapping the httpx error in its __cause__ chain.
+            _value_error_wrapping_transport(),
+            503,
+            "mint_unreachable",
+            "Cashu mint is unreachable",
+            "cashu_mint_unreachable",
+        ),
+        (
+            # asyncio.TimeoutError is builtin TimeoutError on 3.11+.
+            TimeoutError("Timed out connecting to Cashu mint http://mint:3338"),
+            503,
+            "mint_unreachable",
+            "Cashu mint is unreachable",
+            "cashu_mint_unreachable",
+        ),
+        (
+            ValueError(
+                "Token amount (5 sat) is insufficient to cover melt fees. "
+                "Needed: 7 sat (amount: 5 + fee: 1 + input_fees: 1)"
+            ),
+            422,
+            "mint_error",
+            "Token value is too small to cover swap fees",
+            "cashu_token_swap_fees_exceed_amount",
+        ),
+        (
+            ValueError(
+                "Failed to estimate fees: Fees (7 sat) exceed token amount (5 sat)"
+            ),
+            422,
+            "mint_error",
+            "Token value is too small to cover swap fees",
+            "cashu_token_swap_fees_exceed_amount",
+        ),
+        (
+            ValueError(
+                "Failed to melt token from foreign mint http://foreign:3338: boom"
+            ),
+            422,
+            "mint_error",
+            "Failed to swap token from foreign mint",
+            "cashu_foreign_mint_swap_failed",
+        ),
+        (
+            ValueError("could not decode token"),
+            400,
+            "invalid_token",
+            "Invalid Cashu token",
+            "invalid_cashu_token",
+        ),
+        (
+            ValueError("some unexpected wallet condition"),
+            400,
+            "cashu_error",
+            "Failed to redeem Cashu token",
+            "cashu_token_redemption_failed",
+        ),
+        (
+            ValueError("Redeemed token amount must be positive, got 0 msats"),
+            400,
+            "cashu_error",
+            "Failed to redeem Cashu token: token yielded no value",
+            "cashu_token_zero_value",
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_redemption_failure_returns_sanitized_error(
+    session: AsyncSession,
+    error: Exception,
+    expected_status: int,
+    expected_type: str,
+    expected_message: str,
+    expected_code: str,
+) -> None:
+    """Redemption failures reuse the shared X-Cashu taxonomy (carried in
+    ``type``), expose stable sanitized messages and granular machine-readable
+    ``code`` values, and leave no orphan ApiKey row."""
+    token = "cashuAredemption_fails_with_specific_error"
+    hashed_key = hashlib.sha256(token.encode()).hexdigest()
+    token_obj = SimpleNamespace(mint="http://mint:3338", unit="sat")
+
+    from routstr.core.settings import settings
+
+    with (
+        patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", ["http://mint:3338"]),
+        patch("routstr.auth.deserialize_token_from_string", return_value=token_obj),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.auth.credit_balance",
+            new=AsyncMock(side_effect=error),
+        ),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+            await validate_bearer_key(token, session)
+
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == expected_status
+    detail = cast(dict[str, dict[str, object]], exc_info.value.detail)
+    error_detail = detail["error"]
+    assert error_detail["type"] == expected_type
+    assert error_detail["code"] == expected_code
+    assert error_detail["message"] == expected_message
+    assert str(error) not in cast(str, error_detail["message"])
+    assert await session.get(ApiKey, hashed_key) is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_unexpected_redemption_error_returns_internal_error(
+    session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    """Unexpected (non-wallet) failures surface as generic 500s without
+    leaking internal details, instead of masquerading as token errors."""
+    token = "cashuAredemption_fails_with_internal_error"
+    hashed_key = hashlib.sha256(token.encode()).hexdigest()
+    token_obj = SimpleNamespace(mint="http://mint:3338", unit="sat")
+
+    from routstr.core.settings import settings
+
+    with (
+        patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", ["http://mint:3338"]),
+        patch("routstr.auth.deserialize_token_from_string", return_value=token_obj),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.auth.credit_balance",
+            new=AsyncMock(side_effect=RuntimeError("db exploded at /var/lib/secret")),
+        ),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+            await validate_bearer_key(token, session)
+
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 500
+    detail = cast(dict[str, dict[str, str]], exc_info.value.detail)
+    error_detail = detail["error"]
+    assert error_detail["code"] == "internal_error"
+    assert "/var/lib/secret" not in error_detail["message"]
+    assert await session.get(ApiKey, hashed_key) is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_internal_error_with_invalid_keyword_does_not_masquerade(
+    session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    """A non-wallet fault whose text merely contains "invalid" (but not
+    "token") must fall through to a generic 500, not a 401 token error.
+
+    Guards the anchored `"invalid"/"decode"` + `"token"` gate against stdlib/
+    driver strings like "Invalid isoformat string" leaking as token errors."""
+    token = "cashuAinternal_fault_mentions_invalid"
+    hashed_key = hashlib.sha256(token.encode()).hexdigest()
+    token_obj = SimpleNamespace(mint="http://mint:3338", unit="sat")
+
+    from routstr.core.settings import settings
+
+    with (
+        patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", ["http://mint:3338"]),
+        patch("routstr.auth.deserialize_token_from_string", return_value=token_obj),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.auth.credit_balance",
+            new=AsyncMock(
+                side_effect=RuntimeError("Invalid isoformat string: '2020-13-99'")
+            ),
+        ),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+            await validate_bearer_key(token, session)
+
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 500
+    detail = cast(dict[str, dict[str, str]], exc_info.value.detail)
+    assert detail["error"]["code"] == "internal_error"
+    assert await session.get(ApiKey, hashed_key) is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_malformed_cashu_token_returns_400_invalid_token(
+    session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    """A malformed 'cashu...' token that fails to decode maps to 400
+    invalid_cashu_token (shared taxonomy), not the generic 401 invalid_api_key."""
+    token = "cashuAthis_is_not_a_valid_token"
+
+    with patch(
+        "routstr.auth.deserialize_token_from_string",
+        side_effect=ValueError("unable to decode token: bad base64"),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+            await validate_bearer_key(token, session)
+
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 400
+    detail = cast(dict[str, dict[str, str]], exc_info.value.detail)
+    assert detail["error"]["type"] == "invalid_token"
+    assert detail["error"]["code"] == "invalid_cashu_token"
+    # Raw decoder text must not leak to the client.
+    assert "base64" not in detail["error"]["message"]

tests/unit/test_balance.py

@@ -1,12 +1,13 @@
 import json
 from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
 
+import httpx
 import pytest
 from fastapi.responses import JSONResponse
 
-from routstr.balance import refund_wallet_endpoint
+from routstr.balance import refund_wallet_endpoint, topup_wallet_endpoint
 from routstr.core.db import ApiKey, CashuTransaction
-from routstr.wallet import credit_balance
+from routstr.wallet import MintConnectionError, credit_balance
 
 
 def _make_cashu_tx(
@@ -103,6 +104,64 @@ async def test_refund_x_cashu_not_found_raises_404() -> None:
     assert exc_info.value.status_code == 404
 
 
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_refund_x_cashu_pending_raises_425() -> None:
+    """in row exists with a request_id but out row not yet created → 425.
+
+    This is the race condition where /v1/wallet/refund is polled while the
+    upstream request is still in flight. The endpoint must signal "retry"
+    rather than a permanent 404.
+    """
+    from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+    x_cashu_token = "cashuApending_token"
+    in_tx = _make_cashu_tx(
+        token=x_cashu_token, amount=0, unit="msat", type="in", request_id="req-pending"
+    )
+
+    session = MagicMock()
+    session.exec = AsyncMock(side_effect=[_exec_result(in_tx), _exec_result(None)])
+    session.add = MagicMock()
+    session.commit = AsyncMock()
+
+    with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+        await refund_wallet_endpoint(
+            authorization="Bearer sk-somekey",
+            x_cashu=x_cashu_token,
+            session=session,
+        )
+
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 425
+    assert exc_info.value.headers == {"Retry-After": "2"}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_refund_x_cashu_in_tx_without_request_id_raises_404() -> None:
+    """in row exists but has no request_id (cannot link to a refund) → 404.
+
+    This is a genuine "no refund will ever exist" case, distinct from the
+    pending 425 path.
+    """
+    from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+    x_cashu_token = "cashuAnoreqid_token"
+    in_tx = _make_cashu_tx(
+        token=x_cashu_token, amount=0, unit="msat", type="in", request_id=None
+    )
+
+    session = MagicMock()
+    session.exec = AsyncMock(side_effect=[_exec_result(in_tx)])
+
+    with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+        await refund_wallet_endpoint(
+            authorization="Bearer sk-somekey",
+            x_cashu=x_cashu_token,
+            session=session,
+        )
+
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 404
+
+
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
 async def test_refund_x_cashu_swept_raises_410() -> None:
     from fastapi import HTTPException
@@ -339,7 +398,10 @@ async def test_apikey_refund_restores_balance_on_mint_failure() -> None:
 
     with (
         patch("routstr.balance.get_billing_key", AsyncMock(return_value=key)),
-        patch("routstr.balance.send_token", AsyncMock(side_effect=Exception("mint down"))),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.balance.send_token",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=MintConnectionError("raw mint outage detail")),
+        ),
         patch("routstr.balance.store_cashu_transaction", AsyncMock()),
         patch("routstr.balance._refund_cache_get", AsyncMock(return_value=None)),
         patch("routstr.balance._refund_cache_set", AsyncMock()),
@@ -353,10 +415,46 @@ async def test_apikey_refund_restores_balance_on_mint_failure() -> None:
             )
 
     assert exc_info.value.status_code == 503
+    assert exc_info.value.detail == "Mint service unavailable"
+    assert "raw mint outage detail" not in exc_info.value.detail
     # Verify two exec calls: debit + restore
     assert session.exec.await_count == 2
 
 
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_apikey_refund_generic_failure_is_sanitized_500() -> None:
+    """Unexpected send-side failures restore balance without leaking exception text."""
+    from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+    key = _make_api_key(balance=5000, refund_currency="sat")
+    raw_error = "database secret token raw-mint-response"
+
+    session = MagicMock()
+    session.get = AsyncMock(return_value=key)
+    session.exec = AsyncMock(side_effect=[_update_result(1), _update_result(1)])
+    session.commit = AsyncMock()
+
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.balance.get_billing_key", AsyncMock(return_value=key)),
+        patch("routstr.balance.send_token", AsyncMock(side_effect=RuntimeError(raw_error))),
+        patch("routstr.balance.store_cashu_transaction", AsyncMock()),
+        patch("routstr.balance._refund_cache_get", AsyncMock(return_value=None)),
+        patch("routstr.balance._refund_cache_set", AsyncMock()),
+        patch("routstr.balance.logger"),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+            await refund_wallet_endpoint(
+                authorization="Bearer sk-testhash",
+                x_cashu=None,
+                session=session,
+            )
+
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 500
+    assert exc_info.value.detail == "Refund failed"
+    assert raw_error not in exc_info.value.detail
+    assert session.exec.await_count == 2
+
+
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # no-create guarantee: fresh Cashu/unknown sk- tokens must not create API keys
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -401,3 +499,190 @@ async def test_refund_unknown_sk_bearer_returns_401() -> None:
 
     assert exc_info.value.status_code == 401
     session.get.assert_awaited_once()
+
+
+# --- Topup redemption error taxonomy (POST /v1/wallet/topup) ------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "error",
+    [
+        httpx.ConnectError("All connection attempts failed"),
+        MintConnectionError("connect to mint refused"),
+        TimeoutError("timed out connecting to mint"),
+    ],
+)
+async def test_topup_mint_unreachable_returns_503(error: Exception) -> None:
+    """A down mint must surface 503 (retryable), not 400 or 500 — the token is
+    fine, so the client should retry once the mint recovers."""
+    from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+    key = _make_api_key(balance=1000)
+    session = MagicMock()
+
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.balance.get_billing_key", AsyncMock(return_value=key)),
+        patch("routstr.balance.credit_balance", AsyncMock(side_effect=error)),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+            await topup_wallet_endpoint(
+                cashu_token="cashuAtoken", key=key, session=session
+            )
+
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 503
+    assert exc_info.value.detail == "Cashu mint is unreachable"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_topup_already_spent_still_returns_400() -> None:
+    """Regression: the mint-unreachable short-circuit must not swallow the
+    existing ValueError substring buckets."""
+    from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+    key = _make_api_key(balance=1000)
+    session = MagicMock()
+
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.balance.get_billing_key", AsyncMock(return_value=key)),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.balance.credit_balance",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=ValueError("Token already spent")),
+        ),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+            await topup_wallet_endpoint(
+                cashu_token="cashuAtoken", key=key, session=session
+            )
+
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 400
+    assert exc_info.value.detail == "Cashu token already spent"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_topup_zero_value_returns_400_zero_value_message() -> None:
+    """A dust/zero redemption maps to the documented zero-value message, not the
+    generic redemption-failed one."""
+    from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+    key = _make_api_key(balance=1000)
+    session = MagicMock()
+
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.balance.get_billing_key", AsyncMock(return_value=key)),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.balance.credit_balance",
+            AsyncMock(
+                side_effect=ValueError("Redeemed token amount must be positive, got 0 msats")
+            ),
+        ),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+            await topup_wallet_endpoint(
+                cashu_token="cashuAtoken", key=key, session=session
+            )
+
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 400
+    assert exc_info.value.detail == "Failed to redeem Cashu token: token yielded no value"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_topup_token_consumed_returns_500() -> None:
+    """A post-redemption crediting failure (token spent) is a non-retryable 500,
+    not a 4xx that invites a retry."""
+    from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+    from routstr.wallet import TokenConsumedError
+
+    key = _make_api_key(balance=1000)
+    session = MagicMock()
+
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.balance.get_billing_key", AsyncMock(return_value=key)),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.balance.credit_balance",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=TokenConsumedError("credit failed")),
+        ),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+            await topup_wallet_endpoint(
+                cashu_token="cashuAtoken", key=key, session=session
+            )
+
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 500
+    assert exc_info.value.detail == (
+        "Token was redeemed but could not be credited; do not retry"
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("error", "expected_status", "expected_detail"),
+    [
+        (
+            ValueError(
+                "Failed to estimate fees: Fees (7 sat) exceed token amount (5 sat)"
+            ),
+            422,
+            "Token value is too small to cover swap fees",
+        ),
+        (
+            ValueError(
+                "Token amount (5 sat) is insufficient to cover melt fees."
+            ),
+            422,
+            "Token value is too small to cover swap fees",
+        ),
+        (
+            ValueError("Failed to melt token from foreign mint http://m: boom"),
+            422,
+            "Failed to swap token from foreign mint",
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+async def test_topup_fee_and_swap_failures_return_422(
+    error: Exception, expected_status: int, expected_detail: str
+) -> None:
+    """Fee/swap failures map to 422 (shared taxonomy), matching the bearer and
+    X-Cashu paths — previously top-up flattened these to 400."""
+    from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+    key = _make_api_key(balance=1000)
+    session = MagicMock()
+
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.balance.get_billing_key", AsyncMock(return_value=key)),
+        patch("routstr.balance.credit_balance", AsyncMock(side_effect=error)),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+            await topup_wallet_endpoint(
+                cashu_token="cashuAtoken", key=key, session=session
+            )
+
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == expected_status
+    assert exc_info.value.detail == expected_detail
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_topup_unexpected_non_valueerror_returns_500() -> None:
+    """A non-ValueError, non-transport fault is an internal error (500), not a
+    sanitized 400 — the merged except must preserve this."""
+    from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+    key = _make_api_key(balance=1000)
+    session = MagicMock()
+
+    with (
+        patch("routstr.balance.get_billing_key", AsyncMock(return_value=key)),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.balance.credit_balance",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=RuntimeError("db exploded")),
+        ),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+            await topup_wallet_endpoint(
+                cashu_token="cashuAtoken", key=key, session=session
+            )
+
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 500
+    assert exc_info.value.detail == "Internal server error"

tests/unit/test_cache_breakpoints.py

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+"""Tests for Anthropic cache-breakpoint injection on forwarded requests.
+
+Anthropic prompt caching is explicit; a client that doesn't recognise a routstr
+URL as Anthropic-backed never sends ``cache_control`` markers, so caching never
+engages over routstr. ``prepare_request_body`` must stamp the standard
+breakpoints for Anthropic-family models while always deferring to client-set
+markers and never touching automatic-cache providers.
+"""
+
+import json
+import os
+
+import pytest
+
+os.environ.setdefault("UPSTREAM_BASE_URL", "http://test")
+os.environ.setdefault("UPSTREAM_API_KEY", "test")
+os.environ.setdefault("LIGHTNING_ADDRESS", "test@stm.to")
+
+from routstr.upstream import GenericUpstreamProvider
+from routstr.upstream.cache_breakpoints import (
+    body_has_cache_control,
+    inject_anthropic_cache_breakpoints,
+    is_explicit_cache_model,
+)
+
+
+def _chat_body() -> dict:
+    return {
+        "model": "anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.5",
+        "stream": True,
+        "messages": [
+            {"role": "system", "content": "You are concise."},
+            {"role": "user", "content": "Hello"},
+        ],
+        "tools": [
+            {"type": "function", "function": {"name": "a"}},
+            {"type": "function", "function": {"name": "b"}},
+        ],
+    }
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Model detection
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "model_id,expected",
+    [
+        ("anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.5", True),
+        ("claude-haiku-4-5-20251001", True),
+        # Alibaba explicit-cache models share Anthropic's wire format
+        ("qwen/qwen3-max", True),
+        ("qwen/qwen3-coder-plus", True),
+        ("deepseek/deepseek-v3.2", True),
+        # Automatic-cache providers need no markers
+        ("openai/gpt-4o", False),
+        ("google/gemini-2.5-flash", False),
+        ("deepseek/deepseek-chat", False),
+        ("qwen/qwen3.5-plus-02-15", False),  # snapshot, no explicit caching
+        (None, False),
+    ],
+)
+def test_is_explicit_cache_model(model_id: str | None, expected: bool) -> None:
+    assert is_explicit_cache_model(model_id) is expected
+
+
+def test_is_explicit_cache_model_uses_fallbacks() -> None:
+    # routstr id is opaque but a forwarded/canonical alias reveals the family.
+    assert is_explicit_cache_model("model-xyz", None, "anthropic/claude-opus-4.1")
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Breakpoint placement
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def test_injects_three_breakpoints() -> None:
+    data = _chat_body()
+    assert inject_anthropic_cache_breakpoints(data) is True
+
+    # system prompt promoted to array form with a marker
+    system = data["messages"][0]["content"]
+    assert system == [
+        {
+            "type": "text",
+            "text": "You are concise.",
+            "cache_control": {"type": "ephemeral"},
+        }
+    ]
+    # last tool marked
+    assert data["tools"][-1]["cache_control"] == {"type": "ephemeral"}
+    assert "cache_control" not in data["tools"][0]
+    # last user message marked
+    user = data["messages"][1]["content"]
+    assert user[-1]["cache_control"] == {"type": "ephemeral"}
+
+
+def test_defers_to_client_supplied_cache_control() -> None:
+    data = _chat_body()
+    data["messages"][1]["content"] = [
+        {"type": "text", "text": "Hello", "cache_control": {"type": "ephemeral"}}
+    ]
+    assert body_has_cache_control(data) is True
+    # No additional stamping when the client already controls caching.
+    assert inject_anthropic_cache_breakpoints(data) is False
+    assert "cache_control" not in data["tools"][-1]
+
+
+def test_marks_last_text_part_of_array_content() -> None:
+    data = _chat_body()
+    data["messages"][1]["content"] = [
+        {"type": "text", "text": "first"},
+        {"type": "image_url", "image_url": {"url": "x"}},
+        {"type": "text", "text": "last"},
+    ]
+    inject_anthropic_cache_breakpoints(data)
+    parts = data["messages"][1]["content"]
+    assert parts[2]["cache_control"] == {"type": "ephemeral"}
+    assert "cache_control" not in parts[0]
+
+
+def test_noop_without_messages() -> None:
+    assert inject_anthropic_cache_breakpoints({"prompt": "x"}) is False
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# prepare_request_body integration
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def _model(model_id: str):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+    from routstr.payment.models import Architecture, Model, Pricing
+
+    return Model(
+        id=model_id,
+        name=model_id,
+        created=0,
+        description="",
+        context_length=200000,
+        architecture=Architecture(
+            modality="text->text",
+            input_modalities=["text"],
+            output_modalities=["text"],
+            tokenizer="Claude",
+            instruct_type=None,
+        ),
+        pricing=Pricing(prompt=0.0, completion=0.0),
+    )
+
+
+def _openrouter_provider() -> "GenericUpstreamProvider":
+    # OpenRouter endpoint via the generic provider — recognised by base URL.
+    return GenericUpstreamProvider(base_url="https://openrouter.ai/api/v1")
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "model_id", ["anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.5", "qwen/qwen3-max", "deepseek/deepseek-v3.2"]
+)
+def test_prepare_request_body_injects_for_explicit_models(model_id: str) -> None:
+    provider = _openrouter_provider()
+    body = json.dumps(_chat_body()).encode()
+    out = provider.prepare_request_body(body, _model(model_id))
+    assert out is not None
+    data = json.loads(out)
+    assert body_has_cache_control(data) is True
+    assert data["tools"][-1]["cache_control"] == {"type": "ephemeral"}
+
+
+def test_prepare_request_body_skips_for_automatic_provider_model() -> None:
+    provider = _openrouter_provider()
+    body = json.dumps(_chat_body()).encode()
+    out = provider.prepare_request_body(body, _model("openai/gpt-4o"))
+    assert out is not None
+    data = json.loads(out)
+    assert body_has_cache_control(data) is False
+
+
+def test_prepare_request_body_skips_when_upstream_rejects_markers() -> None:
+    # Claude id but a non-OpenRouter/Anthropic upstream → must NOT inject,
+    # since the markers could be rejected by an upstream that doesn't accept them.
+    from routstr.upstream import GenericUpstreamProvider
+
+    provider = GenericUpstreamProvider(base_url="https://some-gateway.example/v1")
+    body = json.dumps(_chat_body()).encode()
+    out = provider.prepare_request_body(body, _model("anthropic/claude-sonnet-4.5"))
+    assert out is not None
+    data = json.loads(out)
+    assert body_has_cache_control(data) is False

tests/unit/test_cache_pricing.py

@@ -0,0 +1,347 @@
+"""Tests for cache-aware pricing of cached input tokens.
+
+Specifies two things:
+
+1. ``backfill_cache_pricing`` — when the OpenRouter model feed omits cache
+   rates (it does for most DeepSeek models and e.g. openai/gpt-4o), they are
+   filled from litellm's bundled cost map instead of silently billing cache
+   reads at the full input rate. Existing OpenRouter values are never
+   overwritten, and provider fees apply to backfilled rates like any other.
+2. ``calculate_cost`` — cached tokens are billed at the cache rates from the
+   model's sats_pricing; the full input rate remains only as the documented
+   last resort when no cache rate could be resolved anywhere.
+"""
+
+import os
+from unittest.mock import Mock, patch
+
+import litellm
+import pytest
+
+os.environ.setdefault("UPSTREAM_BASE_URL", "http://test")
+os.environ.setdefault("UPSTREAM_API_KEY", "test")
+os.environ.setdefault("LIGHTNING_ADDRESS", "test@stm.to")
+
+from routstr.core.settings import settings
+from routstr.payment.cost_calculation import CostData, calculate_cost
+from routstr.payment.models import (
+    Architecture,
+    Model,
+    Pricing,
+    backfill_cache_pricing,
+)
+from routstr.upstream import GenericUpstreamProvider
+
+
+def _make_model(model_id: str, pricing: Pricing) -> Model:
+    return Model(
+        id=model_id,
+        name=model_id,
+        created=0,
+        description="",
+        context_length=64000,
+        architecture=Architecture(
+            modality="text->text",
+            input_modalities=["text"],
+            output_modalities=["text"],
+            tokenizer="Other",
+            instruct_type=None,
+        ),
+        pricing=pricing,
+    )
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# backfill_cache_pricing — litellm as fallback source for missing cache rates
+# ============================================================================
+
+
+def test_backfill_deepseek_cache_read_from_litellm() -> None:
+    """deepseek/deepseek-chat has no input_cache_read on OpenRouter; litellm
+    knows the real rate (10x cheaper than input)."""
+    pricing = Pricing(prompt=2.8e-07, completion=4.2e-07)
+
+    result = backfill_cache_pricing("deepseek/deepseek-chat", pricing)
+
+    expected = litellm.model_cost["deepseek/deepseek-chat"][
+        "cache_read_input_token_cost"
+    ]
+    assert result.input_cache_read == expected
+    assert result.input_cache_read < pricing.prompt  # sanity: it's a discount
+
+
+def test_backfill_strips_vendor_prefix_for_litellm_lookup() -> None:
+    """OpenRouter ids are vendor-prefixed (openai/gpt-4o); litellm keys most
+    non-DeepSeek models without the prefix (gpt-4o)."""
+    pricing = Pricing(prompt=2.5e-06, completion=1e-05)
+
+    result = backfill_cache_pricing("openai/gpt-4o", pricing)
+
+    expected = litellm.model_cost["gpt-4o"]["cache_read_input_token_cost"]
+    assert result.input_cache_read == expected
+
+
+def test_backfill_case_insensitive_lookup() -> None:
+    """A generic upstream may report a mixed-case id
+    (deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V4-Flash); litellm keys are lowercase. The
+    case-insensitive fallback still resolves the cache rate."""
+    pricing = Pricing(prompt=1.4e-07, completion=2.8e-07)
+
+    result = backfill_cache_pricing("deepseek-ai/DeepSeek-V4-Flash", pricing)
+
+    expected = litellm.model_cost["deepseek-v4-flash"][
+        "cache_read_input_token_cost"
+    ]
+    assert result.input_cache_read == expected
+    assert result.input_cache_read < pricing.prompt  # sanity: it's a discount
+
+
+def test_backfill_fills_cache_write_rate() -> None:
+    """Anthropic cache writes cost more than input (1.25x); billing them at
+    the input rate undercharges. litellm carries the write rate."""
+    pricing = Pricing(prompt=3e-06, completion=1.5e-05)
+
+    result = backfill_cache_pricing("anthropic/claude-sonnet-4-5", pricing)
+
+    expected = litellm.model_cost["claude-sonnet-4-5"][
+        "cache_creation_input_token_cost"
+    ]
+    assert result.input_cache_write == expected
+    assert result.input_cache_write > pricing.prompt  # sanity: write premium
+
+
+def test_backfill_never_overwrites_openrouter_rates() -> None:
+    """When OpenRouter provides a cache rate, it is authoritative."""
+    pricing = Pricing(
+        prompt=2.1e-07, completion=7.9e-07, input_cache_read=1.3e-07
+    )
+
+    result = backfill_cache_pricing("deepseek/deepseek-chat", pricing)
+
+    assert result.input_cache_read == 1.3e-07
+
+
+def test_backfill_unknown_model_unchanged() -> None:
+    """Models litellm doesn't know stay untouched (last-resort fallback to
+    the input rate happens later, at billing time)."""
+    pricing = Pricing(prompt=1e-06, completion=2e-06)
+
+    result = backfill_cache_pricing("artificial-dumbness/dumb-1", pricing)
+
+    assert result.input_cache_read == 0.0
+    assert result.input_cache_write == 0.0
+
+
+def test_provider_fee_applies_to_backfilled_cache_rates() -> None:
+    """Backfill happens before the provider fee, so cache rates carry the
+    same markup as every other price component."""
+    provider = GenericUpstreamProvider(
+        base_url="http://upstream.example", provider_fee=2.0
+    )
+    model = _make_model(
+        "deepseek/deepseek-chat", Pricing(prompt=2.8e-07, completion=4.2e-07)
+    )
+
+    adjusted = provider._apply_provider_fee_to_model(model)
+
+    litellm_read = litellm.model_cost["deepseek/deepseek-chat"][
+        "cache_read_input_token_cost"
+    ]
+    assert adjusted.pricing.input_cache_read == pytest.approx(litellm_read * 2.0)
+    assert adjusted.pricing.prompt == pytest.approx(2.8e-07 * 2.0)
+
+
+def test_row_to_model_backfills_cache_rate() -> None:
+    """The DB-override path (admin-configured providers, e.g. a generic
+    upstream) stores pricing without cache rates. ``_row_to_model`` must
+    backfill them from litellm just like ``_apply_provider_fee_to_model``,
+    otherwise cache reads bill at the full input rate."""
+    import json
+
+    from routstr.core.db import ModelRow
+    from routstr.payment.models import _row_to_model
+
+    row = ModelRow(
+        id="deepseek-v4-flash",
+        name="deepseek-v4-flash",
+        created=0,
+        description="",
+        context_length=1000000,
+        architecture=json.dumps(
+            {
+                "modality": "text",
+                "input_modalities": ["text"],
+                "output_modalities": ["text"],
+                "tokenizer": "unknown",
+                "instruct_type": None,
+            }
+        ),
+        # Stored pricing omits input_cache_read (generic provider never sets it).
+        pricing=json.dumps({"prompt": 1.4e-07, "completion": 2.8e-07}),
+        enabled=True,
+        upstream_provider_id=1,
+    )
+
+    with patch(
+        "routstr.payment.models.sats_usd_price", return_value=5.0e-5
+    ):
+        model = _row_to_model(row, apply_provider_fee=True, provider_fee=1.0)
+
+    litellm_read = litellm.model_cost["deepseek-v4-flash"][
+        "cache_read_input_token_cost"
+    ]
+    assert model.pricing.input_cache_read == pytest.approx(litellm_read)
+    assert model.pricing.input_cache_read < model.pricing.prompt  # a discount
+    assert model.sats_pricing is not None
+    assert model.sats_pricing.input_cache_read > 0
+
+
+def test_row_to_model_backfills_via_forwarded_model_id() -> None:
+    """An alias row (id != forwarded_model_id) must backfill cache rates from
+    the *forwarded* model name — the real upstream model litellm prices —
+    not the alias id, which litellm doesn't know."""
+    import json
+
+    from routstr.core.db import ModelRow
+    from routstr.payment.models import _row_to_model
+
+    row = ModelRow(
+        id="local-alias",  # litellm has no such key
+        name="local-alias",
+        created=0,
+        description="",
+        context_length=1000000,
+        architecture=json.dumps(
+            {
+                "modality": "text",
+                "input_modalities": ["text"],
+                "output_modalities": ["text"],
+                "tokenizer": "unknown",
+                "instruct_type": None,
+            }
+        ),
+        pricing=json.dumps({"prompt": 1.4e-07, "completion": 2.8e-07}),
+        enabled=True,
+        upstream_provider_id=1,
+        forwarded_model_id="deepseek-v4-flash",
+    )
+
+    with patch(
+        "routstr.payment.models.sats_usd_price", return_value=5.0e-5
+    ):
+        model = _row_to_model(row, apply_provider_fee=True, provider_fee=1.0)
+
+    litellm_read = litellm.model_cost["deepseek-v4-flash"][
+        "cache_read_input_token_cost"
+    ]
+    assert model.pricing.input_cache_read == pytest.approx(litellm_read)
+    assert model.pricing.input_cache_read < model.pricing.prompt
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# calculate_cost — cached tokens billed at cache rates
+# ============================================================================
+
+
+@pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
+def patch_sats_usd_price() -> None:  # type: ignore[misc]
+    with patch("routstr.payment.cost_calculation.sats_usd_price", return_value=5.0e-5):
+        yield
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def model_pricing(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> Mock:
+    """Model-based pricing: 1 msat per input token, 2 per output token,
+    0.1 per cache-read token, 1.25 per cache-write token."""
+    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "fixed_pricing", False)
+    model = Mock()
+    model.sats_pricing = Pricing(
+        prompt=0.001,
+        completion=0.002,
+        input_cache_read=0.0001,
+        input_cache_write=0.00125,
+    )
+    return model
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_deepseek_cache_hits_billed_at_cache_rate(model_pricing: Mock) -> None:
+    """The reported overcharge scenario: a 10k-token prompt with 90% cache
+    hits costs 2900 msats at honest rates, not the 11000 msats that billing
+    every prompt token at the full input rate would charge."""
+    response = {
+        "model": "deepseek-chat",
+        "usage": {
+            "prompt_tokens": 10000,
+            "completion_tokens": 500,
+            "prompt_cache_hit_tokens": 9000,
+            "prompt_cache_miss_tokens": 1000,
+        },
+    }
+
+    with patch("routstr.proxy.get_model_instance", return_value=model_pricing):
+        result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
+
+    assert isinstance(result, CostData)
+    # 1000 input @ 1 msat + 9000 cache reads @ 0.1 msat + 500 output @ 2 msat.
+    # input_msats folds the cache-read cost in (1000 + 900) so a dashboard
+    # rendering I/O/T sees input + output == total; the cache portion stays
+    # visible in cache_read_msats.
+    assert result.cache_read_msats == 900
+    assert result.output_msats == 1000
+    assert result.input_msats == 1900
+    assert result.input_msats + result.output_msats == result.total_msats
+    assert result.total_msats == 2900
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_anthropic_cache_write_billed_at_write_rate(model_pricing: Mock) -> None:
+    """Cache writes carry their premium rate (1.25x input here), instead of
+    being silently billed at the plain input rate."""
+    response = {
+        "model": "claude-sonnet-4-5",
+        "usage": {
+            "input_tokens": 300,
+            "output_tokens": 100,
+            "cache_read_input_tokens": 500,
+            "cache_creation_input_tokens": 2000,
+        },
+    }
+
+    with patch("routstr.proxy.get_model_instance", return_value=model_pricing):
+        result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
+
+    assert isinstance(result, CostData)
+    # 300 @ 1 + 500 @ 0.1 + 2000 @ 1.25 + 100 @ 2
+    assert result.cache_read_msats == 50
+    assert result.cache_creation_msats == 2500
+    assert result.total_msats == 3050
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_missing_cache_rate_falls_back_to_input_rate(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    """Documented last resort: when no cache rate could be resolved anywhere
+    (OpenRouter and litellm both silent), cache reads bill at the input rate —
+    never cheaper, never free."""
+    monkeypatch.setattr(settings, "fixed_pricing", False)
+    model = Mock()
+    model.sats_pricing = Pricing(prompt=0.001, completion=0.002)
+
+    response = {
+        "model": "dumb-1",
+        "usage": {
+            "prompt_tokens": 10000,
+            "completion_tokens": 500,
+            "prompt_cache_hit_tokens": 9000,
+            "prompt_cache_miss_tokens": 1000,
+        },
+    }
+
+    with patch("routstr.proxy.get_model_instance", return_value=model):
+        result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
+
+    assert isinstance(result, CostData)
+    # 1000 @ 1 + 9000 @ 1 (fallback) + 500 @ 2
+    assert result.total_msats == 11000

tests/unit/test_cost_calculation_caching.py

@@ -1,10 +1,11 @@
 """Tests for cache token handling in cost calculation.
 
-Covers OpenAI vs Anthropic caching formats, edge cases, and billing accuracy.
+Covers OpenAI, Anthropic and DeepSeek caching formats, dialect precedence,
+edge cases, and billing accuracy.
 """
 
 import os
-from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, patch
+from unittest.mock import patch
 
 import pytest
 
@@ -16,12 +17,6 @@ from routstr.core.settings import settings
 from routstr.payment.cost_calculation import CostData, MaxCostData, calculate_cost
 
 
-@pytest.fixture
-def mock_session() -> AsyncMock:
-    """Mock AsyncSession for cost calculation tests."""
-    return AsyncMock()
-
-
 @pytest.fixture(autouse=True)
 def mock_fixed_pricing(monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch) -> None:
     """Mock settings and price to use fixed pricing."""
@@ -41,7 +36,7 @@ def patch_sats_usd_price() -> None:  # type: ignore[misc]
 # Test 1: OpenAI Cache Format
 # ============================================================================
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_openai_cache_subtraction(mock_session: AsyncMock) -> None:
+async def test_openai_cache_subtraction() -> None:
     """OpenAI includes cached_tokens in prompt_tokens, subtract them."""
     response = {
         "model": "gpt-4",
@@ -53,7 +48,7 @@ async def test_openai_cache_subtraction(mock_session: AsyncMock) -> None:
             }
         }
     }
-    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000, session=mock_session)
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
 
     assert isinstance(result, CostData)
     assert result.input_tokens == 1000  # 2000 - 1000
@@ -65,7 +60,7 @@ async def test_openai_cache_subtraction(mock_session: AsyncMock) -> None:
 # Test 2: Anthropic Cache Format
 # ============================================================================
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_anthropic_cache_additive(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
+async def test_anthropic_cache_additive(mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
     """Anthropic cache tokens are separate (additive) from input_tokens."""
     response = {
         "model": "claude-3-5-sonnet",
@@ -76,7 +71,7 @@ async def test_anthropic_cache_additive(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pric
             "cache_read_input_tokens": 0,
         }
     }
-    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000, session=mock_session)
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
 
     assert isinstance(result, CostData)
     assert result.input_tokens == 500
@@ -89,7 +84,7 @@ async def test_anthropic_cache_additive(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pric
 # Test 3: Invalid Cache (Edge Case)
 # ============================================================================
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_cache_read_exceeds_prompt_tokens(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
+async def test_cache_read_exceeds_prompt_tokens(mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
     """Handle buggy upstream reporting cached > prompt_tokens."""
     response = {
         "model": "gpt-4",
@@ -101,7 +96,7 @@ async def test_cache_read_exceeds_prompt_tokens(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fi
             }
         }
     }
-    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000, session=mock_session)
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
 
     # Should not go negative
     assert isinstance(result, CostData)
@@ -114,7 +109,7 @@ async def test_cache_read_exceeds_prompt_tokens(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fi
 # Test 4: Malformed Token Values
 # ============================================================================
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_malformed_cache_tokens_coerce_to_zero(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
+async def test_malformed_cache_tokens_coerce_to_zero(mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
     """Handle non-numeric cache token values."""
     response = {
         "model": "gpt-4",
@@ -127,7 +122,7 @@ async def test_malformed_cache_tokens_coerce_to_zero(mock_session: AsyncMock, mo
             }
         }
     }
-    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000, session=mock_session)
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
 
     # Both should coerce to 0
     assert isinstance(result, CostData)
@@ -139,7 +134,7 @@ async def test_malformed_cache_tokens_coerce_to_zero(mock_session: AsyncMock, mo
 # Test 5: Anthropic Cache Not Subtracted
 # ============================================================================
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_anthropic_cache_not_subtracted(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
+async def test_anthropic_cache_not_subtracted(mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
     """Anthropic cache fields should NOT be subtracted from input_tokens."""
     response = {
         "model": "claude-3-5-sonnet",
@@ -149,7 +144,7 @@ async def test_anthropic_cache_not_subtracted(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixe
             "cache_read_input_tokens": 200,  # ← Additive, don't subtract
         }
     }
-    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000, session=mock_session)
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
 
     # Anthropic: input_tokens stays as-is
     assert isinstance(result, CostData)
@@ -161,7 +156,7 @@ async def test_anthropic_cache_not_subtracted(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixe
 # Test 6: Only Cache Read, No Regular Input
 # ============================================================================
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_only_cache_read_tokens(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
+async def test_only_cache_read_tokens(mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
     """Handle response with only cache read tokens."""
     response = {
         "model": "gpt-4",
@@ -173,7 +168,7 @@ async def test_only_cache_read_tokens(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pricin
             }
         }
     }
-    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000, session=mock_session)
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
 
     assert isinstance(result, CostData)
     assert result.input_tokens == 0  # max(0, 0 - 1000)
@@ -185,7 +180,7 @@ async def test_only_cache_read_tokens(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pricin
 # Test 7: Only Cache Creation
 # ============================================================================
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_only_cache_creation_tokens(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
+async def test_only_cache_creation_tokens(mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
     """Handle response with only cache creation tokens (Anthropic)."""
     response = {
         "model": "claude-3-5-sonnet",
@@ -196,7 +191,7 @@ async def test_only_cache_creation_tokens(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pr
             "cache_read_input_tokens": 0,
         }
     }
-    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000, session=mock_session)
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
 
     assert isinstance(result, CostData)
     assert result.input_tokens == 500
@@ -209,7 +204,7 @@ async def test_only_cache_creation_tokens(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pr
 # Test 8: Both Cache Read and Creation
 # ============================================================================
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_both_cache_read_and_creation(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
+async def test_both_cache_read_and_creation(mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
     """Handle response with both cache read and creation."""
     response = {
         "model": "claude-3-5-sonnet",
@@ -220,7 +215,7 @@ async def test_both_cache_read_and_creation(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_
             "cache_read_input_tokens": 500,
         }
     }
-    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000, session=mock_session)
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
 
     assert isinstance(result, CostData)
     assert result.input_tokens == 300
@@ -233,7 +228,7 @@ async def test_both_cache_read_and_creation(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_
 # Test 9: Token Field Fallback
 # ============================================================================
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_token_field_fallback_order(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
+async def test_token_field_fallback_order(mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
     """Verify fallback order for token extraction."""
     # When prompt_tokens is not present, fall back to input_tokens
     response = {
@@ -243,7 +238,7 @@ async def test_token_field_fallback_order(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pr
             "completion_tokens": 50,
         }
     }
-    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000, session=mock_session)
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
 
     assert isinstance(result, CostData)
     assert result.input_tokens == 250
@@ -254,20 +249,21 @@ async def test_token_field_fallback_order(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pr
 # Test 10: Float Token Values
 # ============================================================================
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_float_token_values_coerced_to_int(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
+async def test_float_token_values_coerced_to_int(mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
     """Handle float token values by converting to int."""
     response = {
         "model": "gpt-4",
         "usage": {
             "prompt_tokens": 100.7,  # Float
             "completion_tokens": 50.3,  # Float
-            "cache_read_input_tokens": 25.9,  # Float
+            "prompt_tokens_details": {"cached_tokens": 25.9},  # Float
         }
     }
-    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000, session=mock_session)
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
 
     assert isinstance(result, CostData)
-    assert result.input_tokens == 100  # Floored
+    # cached_tokens are part of prompt_tokens (OpenAI dialect) → subtracted: 100 - 25
+    assert result.input_tokens == 75  # Floored
     assert result.output_tokens == 50  # Floored
     assert result.cache_read_input_tokens == 25  # Floored
 
@@ -276,7 +272,7 @@ async def test_float_token_values_coerced_to_int(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_f
 # Test 11: Boolean Cache Tokens
 # ============================================================================
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_boolean_cache_tokens_coerced_to_zero(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
+async def test_boolean_cache_tokens_coerced_to_zero(mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
     """Handle boolean cache token values by coercing to zero."""
     response = {
         "model": "gpt-4",
@@ -286,7 +282,7 @@ async def test_boolean_cache_tokens_coerced_to_zero(mock_session: AsyncMock, moc
             "cache_read_input_tokens": True,  # Boolean
         }
     }
-    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000, session=mock_session)
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
 
     assert isinstance(result, CostData)
     assert result.cache_read_input_tokens == 0  # Boolean coerced to 0
@@ -297,7 +293,7 @@ async def test_boolean_cache_tokens_coerced_to_zero(mock_session: AsyncMock, moc
 # Test 12: Zero Cache Tokens
 # ============================================================================
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_zero_cache_tokens(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
+async def test_zero_cache_tokens(mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
     """Handle explicit zero cache tokens."""
     response = {
         "model": "gpt-4",
@@ -309,21 +305,174 @@ async def test_zero_cache_tokens(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pricing: No
             }
         }
     }
-    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000, session=mock_session)
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
 
     assert isinstance(result, CostData)
     assert result.cache_read_input_tokens == 0
     assert result.input_tokens == 100
 
 
+# ============================================================================
+# DeepSeek Cache Format
+# DeepSeek emits neither OpenAI's prompt_tokens_details nor Anthropic's
+# cache_read_input_tokens — only prompt_cache_hit_tokens and
+# prompt_cache_miss_tokens, with the documented guarantee
+# prompt_tokens = hit + miss. Hits are ~10x cheaper upstream, so billing
+# them as regular input is a large overcharge.
+# ============================================================================
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_deepseek_cache_hit_tokens_extracted() -> None:
+    """DeepSeek cache hits are extracted and removed from regular input.
+
+    Payload shape verbatim from the DeepSeek API reference (usage object).
+    """
+    response = {
+        "model": "deepseek-chat",
+        "usage": {
+            "prompt_tokens": 10000,  # = hit + miss
+            "completion_tokens": 500,
+            "total_tokens": 10500,
+            "prompt_cache_hit_tokens": 9000,
+            "prompt_cache_miss_tokens": 1000,
+        },
+    }
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
+
+    assert isinstance(result, CostData)
+    assert result.input_tokens == 1000  # only the cache misses
+    assert result.cache_read_input_tokens == 9000
+    assert result.output_tokens == 500
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_deepseek_all_tokens_cached() -> None:
+    """A fully cached DeepSeek prompt bills zero regular input tokens."""
+    response = {
+        "model": "deepseek-chat",
+        "usage": {
+            "prompt_tokens": 5000,
+            "completion_tokens": 100,
+            "prompt_cache_hit_tokens": 5000,
+            "prompt_cache_miss_tokens": 0,
+        },
+    }
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
+
+    assert isinstance(result, CostData)
+    assert result.input_tokens == 0
+    assert result.cache_read_input_tokens == 5000
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_dialect_precedence_never_double_subtracts() -> None:
+    """If a vendor emits both OpenAI-style and DeepSeek-style cache fields for
+    the same cached tokens, they are counted once, not subtracted twice."""
+    response = {
+        "model": "deepseek-chat",
+        "usage": {
+            "prompt_tokens": 10000,
+            "completion_tokens": 500,
+            "prompt_tokens_details": {"cached_tokens": 9000},
+            "prompt_cache_hit_tokens": 9000,
+            "prompt_cache_miss_tokens": 1000,
+        },
+    }
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
+
+    assert isinstance(result, CostData)
+    assert result.input_tokens == 1000  # 10000 - 9000, applied exactly once
+    assert result.cache_read_input_tokens == 9000
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_deepseek_malformed_hit_tokens_coerce_to_zero() -> None:
+    """Malformed DeepSeek cache fields degrade to billing all input at full
+    rate instead of crashing or going negative."""
+    response = {
+        "model": "deepseek-chat",
+        "usage": {
+            "prompt_tokens": 1000,
+            "completion_tokens": 50,
+            "prompt_cache_hit_tokens": "garbage",
+            "prompt_cache_miss_tokens": -5,
+        },
+    }
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
+
+    assert isinstance(result, CostData)
+    assert result.input_tokens == 1000
+    assert result.cache_read_input_tokens == 0
+
+
+# ============================================================================
+# Truly-empty response with a non-zero USD cost → full refund
+#
+# When an upstream reports a USD cost but the response carries NO tokens at all
+# (input, output, cache-read and cache-creation all zero), billing the
+# USD-derived cost charges the user for nothing. Refund in full. The gate is
+# tightened relative to PR #489: a cache-read/-creation-only turn legitimately
+# reports zero prompt/completion tokens with a real cost and must still bill.
+# ============================================================================
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_truly_empty_usd_cost_response_is_refunded(
+    mock_fixed_pricing: None,
+) -> None:
+    """0 input + 0 output + 0 cache tokens with a non-zero USD cost → refund."""
+    response = {
+        "model": "gpt-4",
+        "usage": {
+            "prompt_tokens": 0,
+            "completion_tokens": 0,
+            "total_cost": 0.01,  # non-zero USD cost despite no tokens
+        },
+    }
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
+
+    assert isinstance(result, CostData)
+    assert result.total_msats == 0  # full refund
+    assert result.input_msats == 0
+    assert result.output_msats == 0
+    assert result.total_usd == 0.0
+    assert result.input_tokens == 0
+    assert result.output_tokens == 0
+    assert result.cache_read_input_tokens == 0
+    assert result.cache_creation_input_tokens == 0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_cache_read_only_usd_cost_response_is_billed(
+    mock_fixed_pricing: None,
+) -> None:
+    """Cache-read-only turn (0 prompt/completion, non-zero cost) still bills."""
+    response = {
+        "model": "claude-3-5-sonnet",
+        "usage": {
+            "input_tokens": 0,
+            "output_tokens": 0,
+            "cache_read_input_tokens": 1000,  # real cached usage
+            "cache_creation_input_tokens": 0,
+            "total_cost": 0.01,  # non-zero USD cost
+        },
+    }
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
+
+    assert isinstance(result, CostData)
+    # NOT refunded — the USD cost is billed in full. Pinning the exact value
+    # guards against any future regression that would over-refund a cache-only
+    # turn (the bug in PR #489, which refunded whenever prompt+completion == 0).
+    assert result.total_msats == 200000
+    assert result.total_usd == 0.01
+    assert result.cache_read_input_tokens == 1000
+
+
 # ============================================================================
 # Test 13: Missing Usage Block
 # ============================================================================
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_missing_usage_block(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
+async def test_missing_usage_block(mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
     """When usage is missing, return MaxCostData with zero tokens."""
     response = {"model": "gpt-4", "choices": [{"message": {"content": "test"}}]}
-    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000, session=mock_session)
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
 
     assert isinstance(result, MaxCostData)
     assert result.input_tokens == 0
@@ -335,10 +484,10 @@ async def test_missing_usage_block(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pricing:
 # Test 14: Null Usage Block
 # ============================================================================
 @pytest.mark.asyncio
-async def test_null_usage_block(mock_session: AsyncMock, mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
+async def test_null_usage_block(mock_fixed_pricing: None) -> None:
     """When usage is null, return MaxCostData with zero tokens."""
     response = {"model": "gpt-4", "usage": None}
-    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000, session=mock_session)
+    result = await calculate_cost(response, max_cost=100000)
 
     assert isinstance(result, MaxCostData)
     assert result.input_tokens == 0

tests/unit/test_fetch_all_balances.py

@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+from contextlib import asynccontextmanager
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
+
+import pytest
+
+from routstr.wallet import fetch_all_balances
+
+
+@asynccontextmanager
+async def _fake_session():  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+    yield MagicMock()
+
+
+def _patches(proof_amount: int = 1000):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+    proof = MagicMock(amount=proof_amount)
+    return [
+        patch("routstr.wallet.get_wallet", AsyncMock(return_value=MagicMock())),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.get_proofs_per_mint_and_unit",
+            MagicMock(return_value=[proof]),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.slow_filter_spend_proofs",
+            AsyncMock(side_effect=lambda proofs, wallet: proofs),
+        ),
+        patch(
+            "routstr.wallet.db.balances_for_mint_and_unit",
+            AsyncMock(return_value=0),
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.wallet.db.create_session", _fake_session),
+    ]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_fetch_all_balances_falls_back_to_primary_mint() -> None:
+    """With empty cashu_mints, balances are still fetched for primary_mint."""
+    from routstr.core.settings import settings
+
+    with patch.object(settings, "cashu_mints", []), patch.object(
+        settings, "primary_mint", "http://primary:3338"
+    ):
+        for p in _patches(proof_amount=1000):
+            p.start()
+        try:
+            details, total_wallet, total_user, owner = await fetch_all_balances(
+                units=["sat"]
+            )
+        finally:
+            patch.stopall()
+
+    assert [d["mint_url"] for d in details] == ["http://primary:3338"]
+    assert total_wallet == 1000
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_fetch_all_balances_no_duplicate_primary_mint() -> None:
+    """primary_mint already in cashu_mints is not inspected twice."""
+    from routstr.core.settings import settings
+
+    with patch.object(
+        settings, "cashu_mints", ["http://primary:3338"]
+    ), patch.object(settings, "primary_mint", "http://primary:3338"):
+        for p in _patches(proof_amount=1000):
+            p.start()
+        try:
+            details, total_wallet, _total_user, _owner = await fetch_all_balances(
+                units=["sat"]
+            )
+        finally:
+            patch.stopall()
+
+    assert [d["mint_url"] for d in details] == ["http://primary:3338"]
+    assert total_wallet == 1000

tests/unit/test_messages_litellm_dispatch.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import os
 from typing import Any, AsyncIterator
 from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
 
+import httpx
 import pytest
 from fastapi.responses import Response, StreamingResponse
 
@@ -21,6 +22,7 @@ from routstr.core.db import ApiKey  # noqa: E402
 from routstr.payment.cost_calculation import CostData  # noqa: E402
 from routstr.payment.models import Architecture, Model, Pricing  # noqa: E402
 from routstr.upstream.base import BaseUpstreamProvider  # noqa: E402
+from routstr.wallet import MintConnectionError, TokenConsumedError  # noqa: E402
 
 # ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 # Fixtures
@@ -500,7 +502,7 @@ async def test_streaming_emits_sse_and_reconciles_cost_at_end() -> None:
     captured_cost_call: dict[str, Any] = {}
 
     async def fake_adjust(
-        fresh_key: Any, combined_data: Any, sess: Any, max_cost: int
+        fresh_key: Any, combined_data: Any, sess: Any, max_cost: int, usage: Any = None
     ) -> dict:
         captured_cost_call["combined_data"] = combined_data
         captured_cost_call["max_cost"] = max_cost
@@ -589,7 +591,7 @@ async def test_streaming_handles_iterator_yielding_raw_sse_bytes() -> None:
     captured: dict[str, Any] = {}
 
     async def fake_adjust(
-        fresh_key: Any, combined_data: Any, sess: Any, max_cost: int
+        fresh_key: Any, combined_data: Any, sess: Any, max_cost: int, usage: Any = None
     ) -> dict:
         captured["combined_data"] = combined_data
         return fake_cost
@@ -693,7 +695,6 @@ async def test_x_cashu_non_streaming_dispatches_and_refunds_overpaid_amount() ->
             max_cost_for_model=10_000,
             model_obj=model,
             mint="https://mint.example",
-            payment_token_hash="hash123",
             request_id="req-1",
         )
 
@@ -972,7 +973,6 @@ async def test_forward_x_cashu_request_routes_messages_via_litellm() -> None:
             max_cost_for_model=10_000,
             model_obj=model,
             mint="https://mint",
-            payment_token_hash="h",
         )
 
     mock_helper.assert_awaited_once()
@@ -1041,7 +1041,6 @@ async def test_forward_x_cashu_request_handles_count_tokens_locally() -> None:
                 max_cost_for_model=10_000,
                 model_obj=model,
                 mint="https://mint",
-                payment_token_hash="h",
             )
 
     assert response.status_code == 200
@@ -1311,3 +1310,320 @@ async def test_dispatch_uses_url_detected_prefix_for_fireworks_custom_row() -> N
         "fireworks_ai/accounts/fireworks/models/glm-5"
     )
     assert captured_kwargs["api_base"] == "https://api.fireworks.ai/inference/v1"
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# X-Cashu redemption error taxonomy (unreachable mint + string codes)
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "handler_name",
+    ["handle_x_cashu", "handle_x_cashu_responses"],
+)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "error",
+    [
+        httpx.ConnectError("All connection attempts failed"),
+        MintConnectionError("Cashu mint is unreachable"),
+        TimeoutError("timed out connecting to mint"),
+    ],
+)
+async def test_x_cashu_mint_unreachable_returns_503(
+    handler_name: str, error: Exception
+) -> None:
+    """Both X-Cashu entrypoints classify a down mint as 503 mint_unreachable,
+    not a generic 400 cashu_error."""
+    provider = _make_provider()
+    model = _make_model()
+    request = _make_request()
+
+    with patch(
+        "routstr.upstream.base.recieve_token", new=AsyncMock(side_effect=error)
+    ):
+        handler = getattr(provider, handler_name)
+        response = await handler(
+            request=request,
+            x_cashu_token="cashuAtoken",
+            path="v1/chat/completions",
+            max_cost_for_model=10_000,
+            model_obj=model,
+        )
+
+    assert response.status_code == 503
+    body = json.loads(bytes(response.body))
+    assert body["error"]["type"] == "mint_unreachable"
+    assert body["error"]["message"] == "Cashu mint is unreachable"
+    assert body["error"]["code"] == "cashu_mint_unreachable"
+    if str(error) != body["error"]["message"]:
+        assert str(error) not in body["error"]["message"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "handler_name",
+    ["handle_x_cashu", "handle_x_cashu_responses"],
+)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    (
+        "error",
+        "expected_status",
+        "expected_type",
+        "expected_message",
+        "expected_code",
+    ),
+    [
+        (
+            ValueError("Mint Error: Token already spent"),
+            400,
+            "token_already_spent",
+            "Cashu token already spent",
+            "cashu_token_already_spent",
+        ),
+        (
+            ValueError("invalid token: could not decode"),
+            400,
+            "invalid_token",
+            "Invalid Cashu token",
+            "invalid_cashu_token",
+        ),
+        (
+            # Fee/swap failures now map to a granular 422 on the X-Cashu path,
+            # matching the bearer path (previously flattened to 400).
+            ValueError(
+                "Failed to estimate fees: Fees (7 sat) exceed token amount (5 sat)"
+            ),
+            422,
+            "mint_error",
+            "Token value is too small to cover swap fees",
+            "cashu_token_swap_fees_exceed_amount",
+        ),
+        (
+            ValueError("Failed to melt token from foreign mint http://m: boom"),
+            422,
+            "mint_error",
+            "Failed to swap token from foreign mint",
+            "cashu_foreign_mint_swap_failed",
+        ),
+        (
+            ValueError("some unexpected wallet condition"),
+            400,
+            "cashu_error",
+            "Failed to redeem Cashu token",
+            "cashu_token_redemption_failed",
+        ),
+        (
+            # Non-ValueError faults are internal errors (500), not token errors.
+            RuntimeError("db exploded"),
+            500,
+            "api_error",
+            "Internal error during token redemption",
+            "internal_error",
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+async def test_x_cashu_error_code_is_stable_string(
+    handler_name: str,
+    error: Exception,
+    expected_status: int,
+    expected_type: str,
+    expected_message: str,
+    expected_code: str,
+) -> None:
+    """X-Cashu emits a stable string ``code`` on every branch, matching the
+    bearer path's taxonomy instead of an int HTTP status."""
+    provider = _make_provider()
+    model = _make_model()
+    request = _make_request()
+
+    with patch(
+        "routstr.upstream.base.recieve_token", new=AsyncMock(side_effect=error)
+    ):
+        handler = getattr(provider, handler_name)
+        response = await handler(
+            request=request,
+            x_cashu_token="cashuAtoken",
+            path="v1/chat/completions",
+            max_cost_for_model=10_000,
+            model_obj=model,
+        )
+
+    assert response.status_code == expected_status
+    body = json.loads(bytes(response.body))
+    assert body["error"]["type"] == expected_type
+    assert body["error"]["message"] == expected_message
+    assert body["error"]["code"] == expected_code
+    assert isinstance(body["error"]["code"], str)
+    if str(error) != expected_message:
+        assert str(error) not in body["error"]["message"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("handler_name", "forward_attr"),
+    [
+        ("handle_x_cashu", "forward_x_cashu_request"),
+        ("handle_x_cashu_responses", "forward_x_cashu_responses_request"),
+    ],
+)
+async def test_x_cashu_transport_error_after_redemption_is_not_retryable(
+    handler_name: str, forward_attr: str
+) -> None:
+    """A transport failure while forwarding (after the token is spent) maps to
+    502 upstream_error, never a retryable cashu_mint_unreachable."""
+    provider = _make_provider()
+    model = _make_model()
+    request = _make_request()
+
+    with (
+        patch(
+            "routstr.upstream.base.recieve_token",
+            new=AsyncMock(return_value=(5_000, "sat", "https://mint")),
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.upstream.base.store_cashu_transaction", new=AsyncMock()),
+        patch.object(
+            provider,
+            forward_attr,
+            new=AsyncMock(side_effect=httpx.ConnectError("upstream down")),
+        ),
+    ):
+        handler = getattr(provider, handler_name)
+        response = await handler(
+            request=request,
+            x_cashu_token="cashuAtoken",
+            path="v1/chat/completions",
+            max_cost_for_model=10_000,
+            model_obj=model,
+        )
+
+    assert response.status_code == 502
+    body = json.loads(bytes(response.body))
+    assert body["error"]["type"] == "upstream_error"
+    assert body["error"]["code"] != "cashu_mint_unreachable"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "handler_name",
+    ["handle_x_cashu", "handle_x_cashu_responses"],
+)
+async def test_x_cashu_token_consumed_returns_500_and_no_echo(
+    handler_name: str,
+) -> None:
+    """A post-redemption failure (token spent, crediting/minting failed) is a
+    non-retryable 500 token_consumed and must NOT echo the spent token back."""
+    provider = _make_provider()
+    model = _make_model()
+    request = _make_request()
+
+    with patch(
+        "routstr.upstream.base.recieve_token",
+        new=AsyncMock(side_effect=TokenConsumedError("credit failed")),
+    ):
+        handler = getattr(provider, handler_name)
+        response = await handler(
+            request=request,
+            x_cashu_token="cashuAtoken",
+            path="v1/chat/completions",
+            max_cost_for_model=10_000,
+            model_obj=model,
+        )
+
+    assert response.status_code == 500
+    body = json.loads(bytes(response.body))
+    assert body["error"]["type"] == "token_consumed"
+    assert body["error"]["code"] == "cashu_token_consumed"
+    assert "X-Cashu" not in response.headers
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("handler_name", "error", "echoed"),
+    [
+        # Spent token: must NOT be echoed.
+        ("handle_x_cashu", ValueError("Token already spent"), False),
+        ("handle_x_cashu_responses", ValueError("Token already spent"), False),
+        # Unspent but unreachable mint: echo so the client can retry the token.
+        ("handle_x_cashu", MintConnectionError("mint down"), True),
+        ("handle_x_cashu_responses", MintConnectionError("mint down"), True),
+        # Consumed token (post-redemption): must NOT be echoed.
+        ("handle_x_cashu", TokenConsumedError("credit failed"), False),
+        ("handle_x_cashu_responses", TokenConsumedError("credit failed"), False),
+    ],
+)
+async def test_x_cashu_echoes_token_only_when_recoverable(
+    handler_name: str, error: Exception, echoed: bool
+) -> None:
+    provider = _make_provider()
+    model = _make_model()
+    request = _make_request()
+
+    with patch(
+        "routstr.upstream.base.recieve_token", new=AsyncMock(side_effect=error)
+    ):
+        handler = getattr(provider, handler_name)
+        response = await handler(
+            request=request,
+            x_cashu_token="cashuAtoken",
+            path="v1/chat/completions",
+            max_cost_for_model=10_000,
+            model_obj=model,
+        )
+
+    if echoed:
+        assert response.headers.get("X-Cashu") == "cashuAtoken"
+    else:
+        assert "X-Cashu" not in response.headers
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    ("handler_name", "forward_attr"),
+    [
+        ("handle_x_cashu", "forward_x_cashu_request"),
+        ("handle_x_cashu_responses", "forward_x_cashu_responses_request"),
+    ],
+)
+@pytest.mark.parametrize("amount", [0, -5])
+async def test_x_cashu_zero_value_rejected_not_forwarded(
+    handler_name: str, forward_attr: str, amount: int
+) -> None:
+    """A token that redeems to <= 0 must be rejected as cashu_token_zero_value
+    (400) and NEVER forwarded as a free request — the X-Cashu path lacked the
+    guard that credit_balance has."""
+    provider = _make_provider()
+    model = _make_model()
+    request = _make_request()
+
+    with (
+        patch(
+            "routstr.upstream.base.recieve_token",
+            new=AsyncMock(return_value=(amount, "sat", "https://mint")),
+        ),
+        patch("routstr.upstream.base.store_cashu_transaction", new=AsyncMock()),
+        patch.object(
+            provider,
+            forward_attr,
+            new=AsyncMock(side_effect=AssertionError("must not forward a zero-value token")),
+        ),
+    ):
+        handler = getattr(provider, handler_name)
+        response = await handler(
+            request=request,
+            x_cashu_token="cashuAtoken",
+            path="v1/chat/completions",
+            max_cost_for_model=10_000,
+            model_obj=model,
+        )
+
+    assert response.status_code == 400
+    body = json.loads(bytes(response.body))
+    assert body["error"]["type"] == "cashu_error"
+    assert (
+        body["error"]["message"]
+        == "Failed to redeem Cashu token: token yielded no value"
+    )
+    assert body["error"]["code"] == "cashu_token_zero_value"
+    # Spent-to-zero token must not be echoed back for retry.
+    assert "X-Cashu" not in response.headers

tests/unit/test_provider_field_injection.py

@@ -32,11 +32,39 @@ def test_apply_provider_field_openrouter_passthrough() -> None:
 
 
 def test_apply_provider_field_openrouter_no_upstream_provider() -> None:
-    """If OpenRouter omits the provider field, fall back to provider_type."""
+    """If OpenRouter omits the provider field, the real serving provider is
+    unknown — a bare ``openrouter`` value carries no information."""
     p = _make_provider(OpenRouterUpstreamProvider, "openrouter")
     data: dict = {"id": "gen-abc"}
     p._apply_provider_field(data)
-    assert data["provider"] == "openrouter"
+    assert data["provider"] == "unknown"
+
+
+def test_apply_provider_field_openrouter_echoes_router_name() -> None:
+    """If OpenRouter reports its own name as the provider, treat as unknown."""
+    p = _make_provider(OpenRouterUpstreamProvider, "openrouter")
+    data: dict = {"provider": "openrouter"}
+    p._apply_provider_field(data)
+    assert data["provider"] == "unknown"
+
+
+def test_apply_provider_field_openrouter_idempotent_no_double_prefix() -> None:
+    """Re-stamping must never nest the prefix: openrouter only once."""
+    p = _make_provider(OpenRouterUpstreamProvider, "openrouter")
+    data: dict = {"provider": "GMICloud"}
+    p._apply_provider_field(data)
+    assert data["provider"] == "openrouter:GMICloud"
+    # Second pass (e.g. streaming) keeps a single prefix.
+    p._apply_provider_field(data)
+    assert data["provider"] == "openrouter:GMICloud"
+
+
+def test_apply_provider_field_openrouter_collapses_existing_double_prefix() -> None:
+    """A pre-existing double prefix is collapsed to a single one."""
+    p = _make_provider(OpenRouterUpstreamProvider, "openrouter")
+    data: dict = {"provider": "openrouter:openrouter:GMICloud"}
+    p._apply_provider_field(data)
+    assert data["provider"] == "openrouter:GMICloud"
 
 
 def test_apply_provider_field_strips_whitespace() -> None:
@@ -50,28 +78,24 @@ def test_apply_provider_field_blank_upstream_treated_as_missing() -> None:
     p = _make_provider(OpenRouterUpstreamProvider, "openrouter")
     data: dict = {"provider": "   "}
     p._apply_provider_field(data)
-    assert data["provider"] == "openrouter"
+    assert data["provider"] == "unknown"
 
 
 def test_apply_provider_field_non_string_upstream_treated_as_missing() -> None:
     p = _make_provider(OpenRouterUpstreamProvider, "openrouter")
     data: dict = {"provider": 42}
     p._apply_provider_field(data)
-    assert data["provider"] == "openrouter"
+    assert data["provider"] == "unknown"
 
 
 def test_apply_provider_field_idempotent_for_direct_upstream() -> None:
-    """Calling twice on a direct upstream payload should keep the same
-    value, not nest the prefix repeatedly."""
+    """Calling twice on a direct upstream payload keeps the same value and
+    never nests the prefix (no ``anthropic:anthropic``)."""
     p = _make_provider(AnthropicUpstreamProvider, "anthropic")
     data: dict = {}
     p._apply_provider_field(data)
     p._apply_provider_field(data)
-    assert data["provider"] == "anthropic:anthropic"
-    # Document current (deliberate) behavior: second pass treats the
-    # first-pass value as an upstream-reported provider. Callers should
-    # only invoke this once per chunk — guarded via the
-    # ``"provider" not in data`` checks in streaming paths.
+    assert data["provider"] == "anthropic"
 
 
 def test_apply_provider_field_ignores_non_dict() -> None:

tests/unit/test_provider_slug_migration.py

@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import importlib.util
+from pathlib import Path
+
+import sqlalchemy as sa
+
+_MIGRATION_PATH = (
+    Path(__file__).resolve().parents[2]
+    / "migrations"
+    / "versions"
+    / "c6d7e8f9a0b1_add_slug_to_upstream_providers.py"
+)
+_spec = importlib.util.spec_from_file_location("provider_slug_migration", _MIGRATION_PATH)
+assert _spec is not None and _spec.loader is not None
+migration = importlib.util.module_from_spec(_spec)
+_spec.loader.exec_module(migration)
+
+
+def test_slug_migration_backfill_uses_api_safe_deterministic_slugs() -> None:
+    engine = sa.create_engine("sqlite:///:memory:")
+    with engine.begin() as conn:
+        conn.execute(
+            sa.text(
+                "CREATE TABLE upstream_providers ("
+                "id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY, "
+                "provider_type VARCHAR NOT NULL, "
+                "slug VARCHAR NULL"
+                ")"
+            )
+        )
+        conn.execute(
+            sa.text(
+                "INSERT INTO upstream_providers (id, provider_type, slug) VALUES "
+                "(1, 'OpenAI Compatible', NULL), "
+                "(2, 'OpenAI Compatible', ''), "
+                "(3, '123', NULL), "
+                "(4, 'x', NULL), "
+                "(5, 'anthropic', 'anthropic')"
+            )
+        )
+
+        migration._backfill_provider_slugs(conn)
+
+        rows = conn.execute(
+            sa.text("SELECT id, slug FROM upstream_providers ORDER BY id")
+        ).all()
+
+    assert rows == [
+        (1, "openai-compatible"),
+        (2, "openai-compatible-2"),
+        (3, "provider-123"),
+        (4, "x-provider"),
+        (5, "anthropic"),
+    ]

tests/unit/test_provider_slugs.py

@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import pytest
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import create_async_engine
+from sqlmodel import SQLModel, select
+from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
+
+from routstr.core.admin import _get_upstream_provider_by_ref
+from routstr.core.db import UpstreamProviderRow
+from routstr.core.provider_slugs import (
+    allocate_unique_provider_slug,
+    provider_slug_base,
+)
+from routstr.upstream.helpers import _seed_providers_from_settings
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_allocate_unique_provider_slug_is_deterministic_with_suffixes() -> None:
+    engine = create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///:memory:")
+    async with engine.begin() as conn:
+        await conn.run_sync(SQLModel.metadata.create_all)
+
+    async with AsyncSession(engine) as session:
+        session.add(
+            UpstreamProviderRow(
+                slug="openai",
+                provider_type="openai",
+                base_url="https://api.openai.com/v1",
+                api_key="key-1",
+            )
+        )
+        await session.commit()
+
+        assert await allocate_unique_provider_slug(session, "openai") == "openai-2"
+        assert (
+            await allocate_unique_provider_slug(session, "openai", {"openai-2"})
+            == "openai-3"
+        )
+
+    await engine.dispose()
+
+
+def test_provider_slug_base_sanitizes_provider_type() -> None:
+    assert provider_slug_base("OpenAI Compatible") == "openai-compatible"
+    assert provider_slug_base("!!!") == "provider"
+    assert provider_slug_base("AI") == "ai-provider"
+    assert provider_slug_base("123") == "provider-123"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_provider_ref_lookup_accepts_existing_numeric_ids_and_slugs() -> None:
+    engine = create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///:memory:")
+    async with engine.begin() as conn:
+        await conn.run_sync(SQLModel.metadata.create_all)
+
+    async with AsyncSession(engine) as session:
+        provider = UpstreamProviderRow(
+            slug="openai",
+            provider_type="openai",
+            base_url="https://api.openai.com/v1",
+            api_key="key-1",
+        )
+        session.add(provider)
+        await session.commit()
+        await session.refresh(provider)
+
+        by_id = await _get_upstream_provider_by_ref(session, str(provider.id))
+        by_slug = await _get_upstream_provider_by_ref(session, "openai")
+
+    assert by_id.id == provider.id
+    assert by_slug.id == provider.id
+
+    await engine.dispose()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_seed_providers_from_settings_sets_deterministic_slug(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    engine = create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///:memory:")
+    async with engine.begin() as conn:
+        await conn.run_sync(SQLModel.metadata.create_all)
+
+    monkeypatch.setenv("OPENAI_API_KEY", "seeded-openai-key")
+
+    class SettingsStub:
+        chat_completions_api_version: str | None = None
+        upstream_base_url: str | None = None
+        upstream_api_key: str = ""
+
+    async with AsyncSession(engine) as session:
+        await _seed_providers_from_settings(session, SettingsStub())  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        await session.commit()
+
+        result = await session.exec(select(UpstreamProviderRow))
+        providers: list[UpstreamProviderRow] = list(result.all())
+
+    assert [(p.provider_type, p.slug) for p in providers] == [("openai", "openai")]
+
+    await engine.dispose()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_seed_providers_from_settings_keeps_slug_stable_on_reseed(
+    monkeypatch: pytest.MonkeyPatch,
+) -> None:
+    engine = create_async_engine("sqlite+aiosqlite:///:memory:")
+    async with engine.begin() as conn:
+        await conn.run_sync(SQLModel.metadata.create_all)
+
+    monkeypatch.setenv("OPENAI_API_KEY", "seeded-openai-key")
+
+    class SettingsStub:
+        chat_completions_api_version: str | None = None
+        upstream_base_url: str | None = None
+        upstream_api_key: str = ""
+
+    async with AsyncSession(engine) as session:
+        session.add(
+            UpstreamProviderRow(
+                slug="openai",
+                provider_type="openai",
+                base_url="https://example.invalid/v1",
+                api_key="other-key",
+            )
+        )
+        await session.commit()
+
+        await _seed_providers_from_settings(session, SettingsStub())  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        await session.commit()
+        await _seed_providers_from_settings(session, SettingsStub())  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+        await session.commit()
+
+        result = await session.exec(
+            select(UpstreamProviderRow).order_by(UpstreamProviderRow.slug)
+        )
+        providers: list[UpstreamProviderRow] = list(result.all())
+
+    assert [(p.provider_type, p.slug) for p in providers] == [
+        ("openai", "openai"),
+        ("openai", "openai-2"),
+    ]
+
+    await engine.dispose()

tests/unit/test_request_correction.py

@@ -0,0 +1,156 @@
+"""Unit tests for the reactive request-correction layer.
+
+Covers the recovery path that lets a request survive a 400 where the upstream
+names a single unsupported request param (e.g. newer Anthropic models
+deprecating ``temperature``): the param is stripped from the JSON body and the
+same upstream is retried, provider-agnostically, keyed off the error text.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+
+from fastapi.responses import Response
+
+from routstr.upstream.request_correction import (
+    Correction,
+    correct_request,
+    extract_error_message,
+    strip_unsupported_param,
+)
+
+
+def _body(**kwargs: object) -> bytes:
+    return json.dumps(kwargs).encode()
+
+
+class TestCorrectRequest:
+    def test_strips_deprecated_temperature(self) -> None:
+        body = _body(model="claude-opus-4-8", temperature=1, messages=[])
+        result = correct_request(
+            body, "`temperature` is deprecated for this model.", set()
+        )
+        assert isinstance(result, Correction)
+        assert result.label == "temperature"
+        decoded = json.loads(result.body)
+        assert "temperature" not in decoded
+        assert decoded["model"] == "claude-opus-4-8"
+
+    def test_strips_not_supported_param(self) -> None:
+        body = _body(model="m", top_p=0.9, messages=[])
+        result = correct_request(body, "Parameter 'top_p' is not supported", set())
+        assert result is not None
+        assert result.label == "top_p"
+        assert "top_p" not in json.loads(result.body)
+
+    def test_returns_none_when_label_already_applied(self) -> None:
+        body = _body(model="m", temperature=1)
+        assert (
+            correct_request(body, "`temperature` is deprecated", {"temperature"})
+            is None
+        )
+
+    def test_returns_none_when_param_absent_from_body(self) -> None:
+        body = _body(model="m", messages=[])
+        assert correct_request(body, "`temperature` is deprecated", set()) is None
+
+    def test_returns_none_when_message_does_not_match(self) -> None:
+        body = _body(model="m", temperature=1)
+        assert correct_request(body, "Insufficient balance", set()) is None
+
+    def test_returns_none_on_empty_inputs(self) -> None:
+        assert correct_request(b"", "`temperature` is deprecated", set()) is None
+        assert correct_request(_body(temperature=1), "", set()) is None
+
+    def test_returns_none_on_non_object_body(self) -> None:
+        assert correct_request(b"[1, 2, 3]", "`temperature` is deprecated", set()) is None
+
+    def test_deprecated_model_name_is_not_stripped_as_param(self) -> None:
+        """A 'model is deprecated' error must not strip an unrelated body field.
+
+        The regex matches the ``<token> is deprecated`` wording, but the
+        ``param not in body`` guard means a deprecated *model* name (not a
+        request param) yields no correction rather than a false strip.
+        """
+        body = _body(model="gpt-3", temperature=1, messages=[])
+        assert correct_request(body, "`gpt-3` is deprecated, use gpt-4", set()) is None
+
+    def test_streaming_400_buffered_error_is_correctable(self) -> None:
+        """Streaming 400s funnel through a buffered JSON Response, so the same
+        correction path applies as for non-streaming requests."""
+        # Mirrors forward_upstream_error_response's buffered JSON envelope.
+        resp = Response(
+            content=json.dumps(
+                {"error": {"message": "`temperature` is deprecated for this model"}}
+            ).encode(),
+            status_code=400,
+        )
+        body = _body(model="claude-opus-4-8", temperature=1, messages=[])
+        result = correct_request(body, extract_error_message(resp), set())
+        assert isinstance(result, Correction)
+        assert result.label == "temperature"
+        assert "temperature" not in json.loads(result.body)
+
+
+class TestStripUnsupportedParam:
+    def test_does_not_mutate_input(self) -> None:
+        body = {"model": "m", "temperature": 1}
+        result = strip_unsupported_param(body, "`temperature` is deprecated")
+        assert result is not None
+        new_body, param = result
+        assert param == "temperature"
+        assert "temperature" not in new_body
+        # original untouched (immutability)
+        assert body == {"model": "m", "temperature": 1}
+
+    def test_declines_when_no_match(self) -> None:
+        assert strip_unsupported_param({"temperature": 1}, "nope") is None
+
+
+class TestExtractErrorMessage:
+    def test_extracts_nested_error_message(self) -> None:
+        resp = Response(
+            content=json.dumps(
+                {"error": {"message": "`temperature` is deprecated", "type": "x"}}
+            ).encode(),
+            status_code=400,
+        )
+        assert extract_error_message(resp) == "`temperature` is deprecated"
+
+    def test_extracts_string_error(self) -> None:
+        resp = Response(
+            content=json.dumps({"error": "bad request"}).encode(), status_code=400
+        )
+        assert extract_error_message(resp) == "bad request"
+
+    def test_extracts_top_level_message(self) -> None:
+        resp = Response(
+            content=json.dumps({"message": "nope"}).encode(), status_code=400
+        )
+        assert extract_error_message(resp) == "nope"
+
+    def test_empty_body_returns_empty_string(self) -> None:
+        assert extract_error_message(Response(status_code=400)) == ""
+
+    def test_non_json_body_returns_preview(self) -> None:
+        resp = Response(content=b"plain text error", status_code=400)
+        assert extract_error_message(resp) == "plain text error"
+
+
+class TestEndToEndChaining:
+    def test_two_distinct_params_corrected_sequentially(self) -> None:
+        """Simulates the proxy loop: each 400 fixes one param, set guards reuse."""
+        body = _body(model="m", temperature=1, top_p=0.5, messages=[])
+        applied: set[str] = set()
+
+        first = correct_request(body, "`temperature` is deprecated", applied)
+        assert first is not None
+        body, applied = first.body, applied | {first.label}
+
+        second = correct_request(body, "`top_p` is not supported", applied)
+        assert second is not None
+        body, applied = second.body, applied | {second.label}
+
+        decoded = json.loads(body)
+        assert "temperature" not in decoded and "top_p" not in decoded
+        assert applied == {"temperature", "top_p"}

tests/unit/test_require_parameters.py

@@ -0,0 +1,95 @@
+import json
+import os
+
+os.environ.setdefault("UPSTREAM_BASE_URL", "http://test")
+os.environ.setdefault("UPSTREAM_API_KEY", "test")
+os.environ.setdefault("LIGHTNING_ADDRESS", "test@stm.to")
+
+from routstr.upstream import GenericUpstreamProvider
+from routstr.upstream.openrouter import OpenRouterUpstreamProvider
+
+
+def _model(model_id: str = "openai/gpt-4o"):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+    from routstr.payment.models import Architecture, Model, Pricing
+
+    return Model(
+        id=model_id,
+        name=model_id,
+        created=0,
+        description="",
+        context_length=128000,
+        architecture=Architecture(
+            modality="text->text",
+            input_modalities=["text"],
+            output_modalities=["text"],
+            tokenizer="GPT",
+            instruct_type=None,
+        ),
+        pricing=Pricing(prompt=0.0, completion=0.0),
+    )
+
+
+def _tool_body() -> dict:
+    return {
+        "model": "openai/gpt-4o",
+        "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "What's the weather?"}],
+        "tools": [
+            {
+                "type": "function",
+                "function": {"name": "get_weather", "parameters": {}},
+            }
+        ],
+    }
+
+
+def _prepare(provider, body: dict) -> dict:  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+    out = provider.prepare_request_body(json.dumps(body).encode(), _model())
+    assert out is not None
+    return json.loads(out)
+
+
+def test_injects_require_parameters_for_tool_request() -> None:
+    data = _prepare(OpenRouterUpstreamProvider(api_key="test"), _tool_body())
+    assert data["provider"]["require_parameters"] is True
+
+
+def test_generic_provider_on_openrouter_url_is_left_alone() -> None:
+    # Only OpenRouterUpstreamProvider injects; a generic provider pointed at the
+    # same base URL doesn't.
+    provider = GenericUpstreamProvider(base_url="https://openrouter.ai/api/v1")
+    data = _prepare(provider, _tool_body())
+    assert "provider" not in data
+
+
+def test_no_injection_without_tools() -> None:
+    body = {"model": "openai/gpt-4o", "messages": [{"role": "user", "content": "hi"}]}
+    data = _prepare(OpenRouterUpstreamProvider(api_key="test"), body)
+    assert "provider" not in data
+
+
+def test_empty_tools_list_does_not_inject() -> None:
+    body = _tool_body()
+    body["tools"] = []
+    data = _prepare(OpenRouterUpstreamProvider(api_key="test"), body)
+    assert "provider" not in data
+
+
+def test_direct_provider_does_not_inject() -> None:
+    provider = GenericUpstreamProvider(base_url="https://api.openai.com/v1")
+    data = _prepare(provider, _tool_body())
+    assert "provider" not in data
+
+
+def test_keeps_client_set_require_parameters() -> None:
+    body = _tool_body()
+    body["provider"] = {"require_parameters": False}
+    data = _prepare(OpenRouterUpstreamProvider(api_key="test"), body)
+    assert data["provider"]["require_parameters"] is False
+
+
+def test_preserves_other_provider_fields() -> None:
+    body = _tool_body()
+    body["provider"] = {"order": ["openai", "azure"]}
+    data = _prepare(OpenRouterUpstreamProvider(api_key="test"), body)
+    assert data["provider"]["order"] == ["openai", "azure"]
+    assert data["provider"]["require_parameters"] is True

tests/unit/test_stale_reservations.py

@@ -0,0 +1,378 @@
+"""Tests for stale reserved_balance handling (issue #551).
+
+Covers:
+- pay_for_request stamping reserved_at on billing and child keys
+- release_stale_reservations sweeper semantics
+- reset_all_reserved_balances clearing reserved_at
+- refund endpoint self-healing stale/legacy reservations
+- proxy reverting the reservation when the client disconnects (CancelledError)
+"""
+
+import asyncio
+import time
+from typing import AsyncGenerator
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, patch
+
+import pytest
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncEngine, create_async_engine
+from sqlalchemy.pool import StaticPool
+from sqlmodel import SQLModel
+from sqlmodel.ext.asyncio.session import AsyncSession
+
+from routstr.auth import pay_for_request
+from routstr.balance import refund_wallet_endpoint
+from routstr.core.db import (
+    ApiKey,
+    release_stale_reservations,
+    reset_all_reserved_balances,
+)
+
+
+def _make_engine() -> AsyncEngine:
+    return create_async_engine(
+        "sqlite+aiosqlite://",
+        poolclass=StaticPool,
+        connect_args={"check_same_thread": False},
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+async def session() -> "AsyncGenerator[AsyncSession, None]":
+    engine = _make_engine()
+    async with engine.begin() as conn:
+        await conn.run_sync(SQLModel.metadata.create_all)
+    db_session = AsyncSession(engine, expire_on_commit=False)
+    try:
+        yield db_session
+    finally:
+        await db_session.close()
+        await engine.dispose()
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# pay_for_request stamps reserved_at
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_pay_for_request_sets_reserved_at(session: AsyncSession) -> None:
+    key = ApiKey(hashed_key="paykey", balance=10_000)
+    session.add(key)
+    await session.commit()
+
+    before = int(time.time())
+    await pay_for_request(key, 1_000, session)
+
+    await session.refresh(key)
+    assert key.reserved_balance == 1_000
+    assert key.reserved_at is not None
+    assert key.reserved_at >= before
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_pay_for_request_sets_reserved_at_on_child_key(session: AsyncSession) -> None:
+    parent = ApiKey(hashed_key="parentkey", balance=10_000)
+    child = ApiKey(hashed_key="childkey", balance=0, parent_key_hash="parentkey")
+    session.add(parent)
+    session.add(child)
+    await session.commit()
+
+    await pay_for_request(child, 1_000, session)
+
+    await session.refresh(parent)
+    await session.refresh(child)
+    assert parent.reserved_balance == 1_000
+    assert parent.reserved_at is not None
+    assert child.reserved_balance == 1_000
+    assert child.reserved_at is not None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_revert_clears_reserved_at_when_fully_released(
+    session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    from routstr.auth import revert_pay_for_request
+
+    key = ApiKey(hashed_key="revertkey", balance=10_000)
+    session.add(key)
+    await session.commit()
+
+    await pay_for_request(key, 1_000, session)
+    reverted = await revert_pay_for_request(key, session, 1_000)
+
+    assert reverted is True
+    await session.refresh(key)
+    assert key.reserved_balance == 0
+    assert key.reserved_at is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_revert_keeps_reserved_at_while_other_reservations_remain(
+    session: AsyncSession,
+) -> None:
+    from routstr.auth import revert_pay_for_request
+
+    key = ApiKey(hashed_key="partialrevert", balance=10_000)
+    session.add(key)
+    await session.commit()
+
+    await pay_for_request(key, 1_000, session)
+    await pay_for_request(key, 1_000, session)
+    reverted = await revert_pay_for_request(key, session, 1_000)
+
+    assert reverted is True
+    await session.refresh(key)
+    assert key.reserved_balance == 1_000
+    assert key.reserved_at is not None
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# release_stale_reservations sweeper
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_release_stale_reservations_releases_old(session: AsyncSession) -> None:
+    key = ApiKey(
+        hashed_key="stalekey",
+        balance=5_000,
+        reserved_balance=1_000,
+        reserved_at=int(time.time()) - 1_000,
+    )
+    session.add(key)
+    await session.commit()
+
+    released = await release_stale_reservations(session, max_age_seconds=300)
+
+    assert released == 1
+    await session.refresh(key)
+    assert key.reserved_balance == 0
+    assert key.reserved_at is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_release_stale_reservations_keeps_fresh(session: AsyncSession) -> None:
+    key = ApiKey(
+        hashed_key="freshkey",
+        balance=5_000,
+        reserved_balance=1_000,
+        reserved_at=int(time.time()),
+    )
+    session.add(key)
+    await session.commit()
+
+    released = await release_stale_reservations(session, max_age_seconds=300)
+
+    assert released == 0
+    await session.refresh(key)
+    assert key.reserved_balance == 1_000
+    assert key.reserved_at is not None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_release_stale_reservations_skips_null_reserved_at(session: AsyncSession) -> None:
+    # Reservations without a timestamp may belong to instances running older
+    # code (rolling deploy) — the background sweeper must not touch them.
+    key = ApiKey(
+        hashed_key="legacykey",
+        balance=5_000,
+        reserved_balance=1_000,
+        reserved_at=None,
+    )
+    session.add(key)
+    await session.commit()
+
+    released = await release_stale_reservations(session, max_age_seconds=300)
+
+    assert released == 0
+    await session.refresh(key)
+    assert key.reserved_balance == 1_000
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_reset_all_reserved_balances_clears_reserved_at(session: AsyncSession) -> None:
+    key = ApiKey(
+        hashed_key="resetkey",
+        balance=5_000,
+        reserved_balance=1_000,
+        reserved_at=int(time.time()),
+    )
+    session.add(key)
+    await session.commit()
+
+    await reset_all_reserved_balances(session)
+
+    await session.refresh(key)
+    assert key.reserved_balance == 0
+    assert key.reserved_at is None
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Refund endpoint self-healing
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+def _refund_patches(refund_token: str = "cashuArefund"):  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+    return (
+        patch("routstr.balance.send_token", AsyncMock(return_value=refund_token)),
+        patch("routstr.balance.store_cashu_transaction", AsyncMock()),
+        patch("routstr.balance._refund_cache_get", AsyncMock(return_value=None)),
+        patch("routstr.balance._refund_cache_set", AsyncMock()),
+    )
+
+
+async def _add_key(session: AsyncSession, **kwargs) -> ApiKey:  # type: ignore[no-untyped-def]
+    key = ApiKey(refund_currency="sat", **kwargs)
+    session.add(key)
+    await session.commit()
+    return key
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_refund_self_heals_stale_reservation(session: AsyncSession) -> None:
+    key = await _add_key(
+        session,
+        hashed_key="stalerefund",
+        balance=5_000,
+        reserved_balance=2_000,
+        reserved_at=int(time.time()) - 10_000,
+    )
+
+    p1, p2, p3, p4 = _refund_patches()
+    with p1, p2, p3, p4:
+        result = await refund_wallet_endpoint(
+            authorization="Bearer sk-stalerefund",
+            x_cashu=None,
+            session=session,
+        )
+
+    assert isinstance(result, dict)
+    assert result["token"] == "cashuArefund"
+    # Full balance refunded (5000 msats -> 5 sats), reservation healed
+    assert result["sats"] == "5"
+    await session.refresh(key)
+    assert key.balance == 0
+    assert key.reserved_balance == 0
+    assert key.reserved_at is None
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_refund_self_heals_legacy_null_reserved_at(session: AsyncSession) -> None:
+    # Keys stuck from before reserved_at existed must be refundable.
+    key = await _add_key(
+        session,
+        hashed_key="legacyrefund",
+        balance=5_000,
+        reserved_balance=2_000,
+        reserved_at=None,
+    )
+
+    p1, p2, p3, p4 = _refund_patches()
+    with p1, p2, p3, p4:
+        result = await refund_wallet_endpoint(
+            authorization="Bearer sk-legacyrefund",
+            x_cashu=None,
+            session=session,
+        )
+
+    assert isinstance(result, dict)
+    assert result["token"] == "cashuArefund"
+    await session.refresh(key)
+    assert key.balance == 0
+    assert key.reserved_balance == 0
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_refund_rejects_recent_reservation(session: AsyncSession) -> None:
+    from fastapi import HTTPException
+
+    await _add_key(
+        session,
+        hashed_key="activerefund",
+        balance=5_000,
+        reserved_balance=2_000,
+        reserved_at=int(time.time()),
+    )
+
+    p1, p2, p3, p4 = _refund_patches()
+    with p1, p2, p3, p4:
+        with pytest.raises(HTTPException) as exc_info:
+            await refund_wallet_endpoint(
+                authorization="Bearer sk-activerefund",
+                x_cashu=None,
+                session=session,
+            )
+
+    assert exc_info.value.status_code == 400
+    assert "ongoing requests" in exc_info.value.detail
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_refund_without_reservation_still_works(session: AsyncSession) -> None:
+    key = await _add_key(
+        session,
+        hashed_key="plainrefund",
+        balance=5_000,
+        reserved_balance=0,
+    )
+
+    p1, p2, p3, p4 = _refund_patches()
+    with p1, p2, p3, p4:
+        result = await refund_wallet_endpoint(
+            authorization="Bearer sk-plainrefund",
+            x_cashu=None,
+            session=session,
+        )
+
+    assert isinstance(result, dict)
+    assert result["token"] == "cashuArefund"
+    await session.refresh(key)
+    assert key.balance == 0
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# Proxy reverts reservation on client disconnect
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_proxy_reverts_reservation_on_client_disconnect() -> None:
+    from routstr import proxy as proxy_module
+
+    key = ApiKey(hashed_key="cancelkey", balance=10_000)
+
+    request = MagicMock()
+    request.method = "POST"
+    request.headers = {"authorization": "Bearer sk-cancelkey"}
+    request.body = AsyncMock(return_value=b'{"model": "test-model"}')
+
+    upstream = MagicMock()
+    upstream.provider_type = "test"
+    upstream.prepare_headers = MagicMock(side_effect=lambda h: h)
+    upstream.forward_request = AsyncMock(side_effect=asyncio.CancelledError())
+
+    session = MagicMock()
+    revert_mock = AsyncMock(return_value=True)
+
+    with (
+        patch.object(proxy_module, "get_model_instance", return_value=MagicMock()),
+        patch.object(proxy_module, "get_provider_for_model", return_value=[upstream]),
+        patch.object(
+            proxy_module, "get_max_cost_for_model", AsyncMock(return_value=1_000)
+        ),
+        patch.object(
+            proxy_module,
+            "calculate_discounted_max_cost",
+            AsyncMock(return_value=1_000),
+        ),
+        patch.object(proxy_module, "check_token_balance", MagicMock()),
+        patch.object(
+            proxy_module, "get_bearer_token_key", AsyncMock(return_value=key)
+        ),
+        patch.object(proxy_module, "pay_for_request", AsyncMock(return_value=1_000)),
+        patch.object(proxy_module, "revert_pay_for_request", revert_mock),
+    ):
+        with pytest.raises(asyncio.CancelledError):
+            await proxy_module.proxy(request, "v1/chat/completions", session=session)
+
+    revert_mock.assert_awaited_once_with(key, session, 1_000)

tests/unit/test_streaming_sse_providers.py

@@ -0,0 +1,411 @@
+"""Battle-test the streaming SSE parser against real per-provider framing.
+
+Each test drives the *actual* ``handle_streaming_chat_completion`` generator
+with a mock upstream response whose ``aiter_bytes`` emits byte sequences that
+mirror what each supported provider sends on the wire (captured from the
+providers' own streaming docs):
+
+* OpenAI / Groq / Fireworks / xAI / Perplexity / Azure - plain
+  ``data: {json}\\n\\n`` + ``data: [DONE]``.
+* OpenRouter - same, but with ``: OPENROUTER PROCESSING`` keepalive comments
+  interleaved (the framing that produced the original
+  ``Unexpected token ':'`` client crash).
+* Gemini (native ``alt=sse``) - ``data:`` payloads framed with CRLF.
+
+The invariant every provider must satisfy: every line the proxy emits that
+starts with ``data: `` either equals ``[DONE]`` or is valid JSON, and no SSE
+comment ever reaches the client. That invariant is exactly what the buggy
+``re.split(b"data: ")`` parser violated for OpenRouter.
+"""
+
+import json
+from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock
+
+import pytest
+
+from routstr.core.db import ApiKey
+from routstr.upstream import base
+from routstr.upstream.base import BaseUpstreamProvider
+
+
+def _make_response(chunks: list[bytes]) -> MagicMock:
+    async def aiter_bytes() -> AsyncGenerator[bytes, None]:
+        for chunk in chunks:
+            yield chunk
+
+    mock_response = MagicMock()
+    mock_response.status_code = 200
+    mock_response.headers = {"content-type": "text/event-stream"}
+    mock_response.aiter_bytes = aiter_bytes
+    return mock_response
+
+
+async def _drive(chunks: list[bytes], requested_model: str | None = None) -> list[bytes]:
+    """Run the real streaming generator over ``chunks`` and collect output bytes."""
+    provider = BaseUpstreamProvider(
+        base_url="https://api.example.com", api_key="test_key"
+    )
+
+    key = MagicMock(spec=ApiKey)
+    key.hashed_key = "test_hash"
+    key.balance = 1000
+
+    base.adjust_payment_for_tokens = AsyncMock(
+        return_value={"total_usd": 0.1, "total_msats": 100}
+    )
+    mock_session = MagicMock()
+    mock_session.get = AsyncMock(return_value=key)
+    mock_ctx = MagicMock()
+    mock_ctx.__aenter__ = AsyncMock(return_value=mock_session)
+    mock_ctx.__aexit__ = AsyncMock(return_value=None)
+    base.create_session = MagicMock(return_value=mock_ctx)
+
+    streaming_response = await provider.handle_streaming_chat_completion(
+        response=_make_response(chunks),
+        key=key,
+        max_cost_for_model=100,
+        background_tasks=MagicMock(),
+        requested_model=requested_model,
+    )
+
+    out: list[bytes] = []
+    async for chunk in streaming_response.body_iterator:
+        if isinstance(chunk, str):
+            out.append(chunk.encode())
+        else:
+            out.append(bytes(chunk))
+    return out
+
+
+def _data_payloads(out: list[bytes]) -> list[bytes]:
+    """Return the raw payload of every ``data: `` line across all emitted bytes."""
+    payloads: list[bytes] = []
+    for chunk in out:
+        for line in chunk.split(b"\n"):
+            if line.startswith(b"data: "):
+                payloads.append(line[len(b"data: ") :])
+    return payloads
+
+
+def _assert_clean(out: list[bytes]) -> list[dict]:
+    """Core invariant: every data line is [DONE] or valid JSON; no comments leak."""
+    blob = b"".join(out)
+    # No SSE comment line must ever reach the client.
+    for line in blob.split(b"\n"):
+        assert not line.startswith(b":"), f"comment leaked to client: {line!r}"
+        # The original bug signature: a data line whose value is itself a comment.
+        assert not line.startswith(b"data: :"), f"mangled comment frame: {line!r}"
+
+    objs: list[dict] = []
+    for payload in _data_payloads(out):
+        stripped = payload.strip()
+        if stripped == b"[DONE]":
+            continue
+        obj = json.loads(stripped)  # raises if the proxy emitted non-JSON data
+        objs.append(obj)
+    return objs
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_openai_style_plain_stream() -> None:
+    """OpenAI / Groq / Fireworks / xAI / Perplexity: plain data + [DONE]."""
+    chunks = [
+        b'data: {"id":"x","choices":[{"delta":{"content":"Hello"}}]}\n\n',
+        b'data: {"id":"x","choices":[{"delta":{"content":" world"}}]}\n\n',
+        b"data: [DONE]\n\n",
+    ]
+    out = await _drive(chunks)
+    objs = _assert_clean(out)
+    assert any(o.get("choices") for o in objs)
+    assert b"data: [DONE]\n\n" in b"".join(out)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_openrouter_keepalive_comments() -> None:
+    """OpenRouter ``: OPENROUTER PROCESSING`` keepalives must never crash clients.
+
+    This is the exact regression: the old parser emitted
+    ``data: : OPENROUTER PROCESSING`` which made downstream
+    ``JSON.parse`` throw ``Unexpected token ':'``.
+    """
+    chunks = [
+        b": OPENROUTER PROCESSING\n\n",
+        b": OPENROUTER PROCESSING\n\n",
+        b'data: {"id":"x","choices":[{"delta":{"content":"Hi"}}]}\n\n',
+        b": OPENROUTER PROCESSING\n\n",
+        b'data: {"id":"x","choices":[{"delta":{"content":"!"}}]}\n\n',
+        b"data: [DONE]\n\n",
+    ]
+    out = await _drive(chunks)
+    objs = _assert_clean(out)
+    # The keepalive must be gone entirely.
+    assert b"OPENROUTER PROCESSING" not in b"".join(out)
+    # Real content survived.
+    contents = [
+        c["delta"]["content"]
+        for o in objs
+        for c in o.get("choices", [])
+        if "delta" in c
+    ]
+    assert "Hi" in contents and "!" in contents
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_openrouter_comment_glued_to_data_chunk() -> None:
+    """Keepalive packed into the same TCP chunk as data (the harder case)."""
+    chunks = [
+        b'data: {"id":"x","choices":[{"delta":{"content":"a"}}]}\n\n'
+        b": OPENROUTER PROCESSING\n\n"
+        b'data: {"id":"x","choices":[{"delta":{"content":"b"}}]}\n\n',
+        b"data: [DONE]\n\n",
+    ]
+    out = await _drive(chunks)
+    objs = _assert_clean(out)
+    contents = [
+        c["delta"]["content"]
+        for o in objs
+        for c in o.get("choices", [])
+        if "delta" in c
+    ]
+    assert contents == ["a", "b"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_json_split_across_chunk_boundary() -> None:
+    """A single event's JSON arriving in two TCP reads must reassemble."""
+    chunks = [
+        b'data: {"id":"x","choices":[{"delta":{"con',
+        b'tent":"split"}}]}\n\n',
+        b"data: [DONE]\n\n",
+    ]
+    out = await _drive(chunks)
+    objs = _assert_clean(out)
+    contents = [
+        c["delta"]["content"]
+        for o in objs
+        for c in o.get("choices", [])
+        if "delta" in c
+    ]
+    assert contents == ["split"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_byte_by_byte_fragmentation() -> None:
+    """Pathological framing: one byte per chunk. Must still parse cleanly."""
+    raw = (
+        b'data: {"id":"x","choices":[{"delta":{"content":"drip"}}]}\n\n'
+        b": OPENROUTER PROCESSING\n\n"
+        b"data: [DONE]\n\n"
+    )
+    chunks = [raw[i : i + 1] for i in range(len(raw))]
+    out = await _drive(chunks)
+    objs = _assert_clean(out)
+    assert objs and objs[0]["choices"][0]["delta"]["content"] == "drip"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_gemini_crlf_framing() -> None:
+    """Gemini native (alt=sse) frames events with CRLF."""
+    chunks = [
+        b'data: {"id":"g","choices":[{"delta":{"content":"hej"}}]}\r\n\r\n',
+        b'data: {"id":"g","choices":[{"delta":{"content":"!"}}]}\r\n\r\n',
+    ]
+    out = await _drive(chunks)
+    objs = _assert_clean(out)
+    contents = [
+        c["delta"]["content"]
+        for o in objs
+        for c in o.get("choices", [])
+        if "delta" in c
+    ]
+    assert contents == ["hej", "!"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_azure_leading_role_chunk() -> None:
+    """Azure OpenAI opens with a content-filter / role-only chunk."""
+    chunks = [
+        b'data: {"id":"az","choices":[],"prompt_filter_results":[]}\n\n',
+        b'data: {"id":"az","choices":[{"delta":{"role":"assistant"}}]}\n\n',
+        b'data: {"id":"az","choices":[{"delta":{"content":"ok"}}]}\n\n',
+        b"data: [DONE]\n\n",
+    ]
+    out = await _drive(chunks)
+    _assert_clean(out)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_openrouter_mid_stream_error_event() -> None:
+    """OpenRouter mid-stream errors arrive as a normal data JSON event."""
+    err = {
+        "id": "x",
+        "object": "chat.completion.chunk",
+        "model": "openai/gpt-4o",
+        "error": {"code": "server_error", "message": "Provider disconnected"},
+        "choices": [{"index": 0, "delta": {"content": ""}, "finish_reason": "error"}],
+    }
+    chunks = [
+        b'data: {"id":"x","choices":[{"delta":{"content":"partial"}}]}\n\n',
+        b"data: " + json.dumps(err).encode() + b"\n\n",
+    ]
+    out = await _drive(chunks)
+    objs = _assert_clean(out)
+    assert any("error" in o for o in objs), "error event must be forwarded intact"
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_gemini_combined_content_and_usage_chunk() -> None:
+    """Gemini thinking models pack usage into the final *content* chunk.
+
+    Regression: the parser swallowed any chunk carrying a ``usage`` dict, so
+    when content + usage arrived together the assistant text was dropped and
+    the client saw "no assistant messages" despite a 200 + token accounting.
+    """
+    chunks = [
+        b'data: {"id":"g","choices":[{"delta":{"content":"the answer"},'
+        b'"finish_reason":"stop"}],"usage":{"prompt_tokens":3,'
+        b'"completion_tokens":2,"total_tokens":5}}\n\n',
+        b"data: [DONE]\n\n",
+    ]
+    out = await _drive(chunks)
+    objs = _assert_clean(out)
+    contents = [
+        c["delta"]["content"]
+        for o in objs
+        for c in o.get("choices", [])
+        if "delta" in c
+    ]
+    # Content delivered exactly once (not dropped, not duplicated by the trailer).
+    assert contents == ["the answer"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_separate_usage_chunk_not_forwarded_as_content() -> None:
+    """A pure usage chunk (choices: []) is still swallowed, content intact."""
+    chunks = [
+        b'data: {"id":"x","choices":[{"delta":{"content":"hello"}}]}\n\n',
+        b'data: {"id":"x","choices":[],"usage":{"total_tokens":4}}\n\n',
+        b"data: [DONE]\n\n",
+    ]
+    out = await _drive(chunks)
+    objs = _assert_clean(out)
+    contents = [
+        c["delta"]["content"]
+        for o in objs
+        for c in o.get("choices", [])
+        if "delta" in c
+    ]
+    assert contents == ["hello"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_requested_model_override_applied() -> None:
+    """Model rewriting still works through the buffered parser."""
+    chunks = [
+        b'data: {"id":"x","model":"upstream-model","choices":[{"delta":{"content":"hi"}}]}\n\n',
+        b"data: [DONE]\n\n",
+    ]
+    out = await _drive(chunks, requested_model="routstr-model")
+    objs = _assert_clean(out)
+    # The upstream content chunk carried model "upstream-model"; the parser must
+    # rewrite it to the requested model. (The trailing routstr-generated usage
+    # chunk is excluded - it is not an upstream-forwarded chunk.)
+    content_chunks = [o for o in objs if o.get("choices")]
+    assert content_chunks, "expected at least one forwarded content chunk"
+    assert all(o.get("model") == "routstr-model" for o in content_chunks)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_multiline_non_json_data_each_line_prefixed() -> None:
+    """A multi-line non-JSON ``data`` block must keep a ``data:`` prefix per line.
+
+    Two ``data:`` lines in one event reassemble to ``line one\\nline two``, which
+    is not JSON, so it takes the raw-forward path. The parser must re-prefix each
+    line; a bare second line would reach the client without its ``data:`` field
+    and break naive SSE parsers.
+    """
+    chunks = [
+        b"data: line one\ndata: line two\n\n",
+        b"data: [DONE]\n\n",
+    ]
+    out = await _drive(chunks)
+    blob = b"".join(out)
+    for line in blob.split(b"\n"):
+        stripped = line.strip()
+        if not stripped or stripped == b"[DONE]":
+            continue
+        assert line.startswith(b"data: "), f"bare line leaked to client: {line!r}"
+    assert b"data: line one" in blob and b"data: line two" in blob
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_crlf_delimiter_split_across_chunk_boundary() -> None:
+    """CRLF event delimiter straddling two TCP reads must not merge events.
+
+    Regression: a per-chunk ``replace(b"\\r\\n", b"\\n")`` left a stray ``\\r``
+    when a ``\\r\\n`` of the ``\\r\\n\\r\\n`` delimiter landed at the very end of
+    one ``aiter_bytes`` chunk and the matching ``\\n`` opened the next. The
+    ``\\n\\n`` split then missed the boundary, glued two events into one frame
+    with two ``data:`` lines, and the client's ``JSON.parse`` threw on the
+    concatenated payload (the "unexpected token"/"Extra data" crash).
+    """
+    e1 = b'data: {"id":"x","choices":[{"delta":{"content":"a"}}]}'
+    e2 = b'data: {"id":"x","choices":[{"delta":{"content":"b"}}]}'
+    chunks = [
+        e1 + b"\r\n\r",  # delimiter cut mid-CRLF
+        b"\n" + e2 + b"\r\n\r\n",
+        b"data: [DONE]\r\n\r\n",
+    ]
+    out = await _drive(chunks)
+
+    # Client-accurate check: a real SSE client concatenates all ``data:`` lines
+    # *within one event* (events are ``\n\n``-delimited) before parsing. A
+    # merged frame would surface here as two objects glued into one payload,
+    # which ``_assert_clean`` (per-line) would miss.
+    blob = b"".join(out)
+    contents: list[str] = []
+    for event in blob.split(b"\n\n"):
+        datas = [
+            ln[len(b"data: ") :]
+            for ln in event.split(b"\n")
+            if ln.startswith(b"data: ")
+        ]
+        if not datas:
+            continue
+        payload = b"".join(datas)
+        if payload.strip() == b"[DONE]":
+            continue
+        obj = json.loads(payload)  # raises if two events were merged into one
+        for c in obj.get("choices", []):
+            if "delta" in c:
+                contents.append(c["delta"]["content"])
+    assert contents == ["a", "b"]
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_truncated_json_tail_on_connection_close() -> None:
+    """A stream that drops mid-event must not emit the partial JSON downstream.
+
+    Regression: the end-of-stream flush ran ``_process_event`` on the leftover
+    buffer unconditionally. When the upstream connection closed mid-event the
+    leftover was incomplete JSON, which fell through to the raw-forward path and
+    handed the client a ``data: {partial`` frame -> ``Unterminated string`` parse
+    error. The truncated tail must be dropped instead.
+    """
+    chunks = [
+        b'data: {"id":"x","choices":[{"delta":{"content":"ok"}}]}\n\n',
+        b'data: {"id":"x","choices":[{"delta":{"con',  # connection dies here
+    ]
+    out = await _drive(chunks)
+    objs = _assert_clean(out)  # raises if the partial tail leaked as a data frame
+    contents = [
+        c["delta"]["content"]
+        for o in objs
+        for c in o.get("choices", [])
+        if "delta" in c
+    ]
+    # The one complete chunk is delivered; the truncated fragment is dropped
+    # entirely (no second delta), and _assert_clean above guarantees nothing
+    # non-JSON ever reached the client.
+    assert contents == ["ok"]

tests/unit/test_upstream_generic.py

@@ -0,0 +1,524 @@
+"""Unit tests for ``GenericUpstreamProvider.fetch_models`` price/metadata resolution.
+
+A generic upstream is any OpenAI-compatible API. Most (DeepSeek, OpenAI,
+Groq, ...) answer ``/models`` with bare ``{id, object, owned_by}`` entries that
+carry *no* pricing. The provider must not fabricate a price for those: it
+resolves through native ``model_spec`` (Venice's bespoke schema) → litellm's
+bundled cost map → the OpenRouter feed, and only when every source misses does
+it import the model **disabled** with a warning rather than invent a number.
+
+These tests drive that behaviour through the public ``fetch_models`` API. The
+``/models`` HTTP call is faked at ``httpx.AsyncClient``; the OpenRouter feed is
+patched at its source (``routstr.payment.models.async_fetch_openrouter_models``)
+so the resolver's lazy import picks up the stub. litellm's real bundled cost map
+is used unmocked — the DeepSeek rates it ships are the assertion's ground truth.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import logging
+from typing import Any
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, patch
+
+import pytest
+
+from routstr.upstream.generic import GenericUpstreamProvider
+
+
+class _FakeResponse:
+    def __init__(self, payload: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        self._payload = payload
+
+    def raise_for_status(self) -> None:
+        return None
+
+    def json(self) -> dict[str, Any]:
+        return self._payload
+
+
+class _FakeAsyncClient:
+    """Stand-in for ``httpx.AsyncClient`` returning a canned ``/models`` body."""
+
+    def __init__(self, payload: dict[str, Any]) -> None:
+        self._payload = payload
+
+    async def __aenter__(self) -> "_FakeAsyncClient":
+        return self
+
+    async def __aexit__(self, *exc: object) -> bool:
+        return False
+
+    async def get(self, url: str, headers: dict[str, str] | None = None) -> _FakeResponse:
+        return _FakeResponse(self._payload)
+
+
+def _patch_models_endpoint(payload: dict[str, Any]) -> Any:
+    """Patch the provider's ``httpx.AsyncClient`` to serve ``payload``."""
+    return patch(
+        "routstr.upstream.generic.httpx.AsyncClient",
+        lambda *args, **kwargs: _FakeAsyncClient(payload),
+    )
+
+
+def _model_by_id(models: list[Any], model_id: str) -> Any:
+    return next(m for m in models if m.id == model_id)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# native model_spec (Venice) — must keep resolving, and capture its metadata
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_native_model_spec_resolves_and_captures_metadata() -> None:
+    """A Venice-shaped ``model_spec`` is authoritative: prices/context come
+    straight from it and vision capability becomes an image input modality."""
+    payload = {
+        "data": [
+            {
+                "id": "venice-llama",
+                "owned_by": "venice",
+                "model_spec": {
+                    "name": "Venice Llama",
+                    "availableContextTokens": 65536,
+                    "pricing": {
+                        "input": {"usd": 0.5},
+                        "output": {"usd": 1.5},
+                    },
+                    "capabilities": {"supportsVision": True},
+                },
+            }
+        ]
+    }
+
+    with _patch_models_endpoint(payload):
+        or_feed = AsyncMock(return_value=[])
+        with patch(
+            "routstr.payment.models.async_fetch_openrouter_models", or_feed
+        ):
+            models = await GenericUpstreamProvider(base_url="http://x").fetch_models()
+
+    model = _model_by_id(models, "venice-llama")
+    assert model.enabled is True
+    assert model.pricing.prompt == pytest.approx(0.5 / 1_000_000)
+    assert model.pricing.completion == pytest.approx(1.5 / 1_000_000)
+    assert model.context_length == 65536
+    assert "image" in model.architecture.input_modalities
+    # Vision capability must be reflected in the combined modality string, not
+    # flattened to "text->text".
+    assert model.architecture.modality == "text+image->text"
+    # A native price never needs the OpenRouter feed.
+    or_feed.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# native model_spec validation — a bogus native price is not authoritative
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_native_both_zero_price_falls_through_to_litellm() -> None:
+    """A native ``model_spec`` that prices both tokens at 0 is not a real price
+    (the same free-tier trap the litellm/OpenRouter rungs already reject). It
+    must not be treated as authoritative and served free; the resolver falls
+    through, so a litellm-known model lands on litellm's real rate instead."""
+    payload = {
+        "data": [
+            {
+                "id": "deepseek-chat",
+                "owned_by": "deepseek",
+                "model_spec": {
+                    "pricing": {"input": {"usd": 0}, "output": {"usd": 0}},
+                },
+            }
+        ]
+    }
+
+    with _patch_models_endpoint(payload):
+        or_feed = AsyncMock(return_value=[])
+        with patch("routstr.payment.models.async_fetch_openrouter_models", or_feed):
+            models = await GenericUpstreamProvider(base_url="http://x").fetch_models()
+
+    model = _model_by_id(models, "deepseek-chat")
+    assert model.enabled is True
+    assert model.pricing.prompt == pytest.approx(2.8e-07)
+    assert model.pricing.completion == pytest.approx(4.2e-07)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_native_negative_price_falls_through_to_litellm() -> None:
+    """A negative native price would credit the caller's balance on every
+    request (a fund drain, not a discount). Reject it like any other unusable
+    price and fall through to the chain."""
+    payload = {
+        "data": [
+            {
+                "id": "deepseek-chat",
+                "owned_by": "deepseek",
+                "model_spec": {
+                    "pricing": {"input": {"usd": -0.5}, "output": {"usd": -1.5}},
+                },
+            }
+        ]
+    }
+
+    with _patch_models_endpoint(payload):
+        or_feed = AsyncMock(return_value=[])
+        with patch("routstr.payment.models.async_fetch_openrouter_models", or_feed):
+            models = await GenericUpstreamProvider(base_url="http://x").fetch_models()
+
+    model = _model_by_id(models, "deepseek-chat")
+    assert model.enabled is True
+    assert model.pricing.prompt == pytest.approx(2.8e-07)
+    assert model.pricing.completion == pytest.approx(4.2e-07)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_native_non_numeric_price_does_not_break_catalog() -> None:
+    """A non-numeric native price (``"free"``) must not raise while parsing —
+    an unguarded ``"free" / 1_000_000`` throws and the outer catch drops the
+    *entire* provider catalog. It has to fail closed for that one model while
+    every other model in the same response still resolves."""
+    payload = {
+        "data": [
+            {
+                "id": "broken-price",
+                "owned_by": "mystery",
+                "model_spec": {
+                    "pricing": {"input": {"usd": "free"}, "output": {"usd": "free"}},
+                },
+            },
+            {"id": "deepseek-chat", "object": "model", "owned_by": "deepseek"},
+        ]
+    }
+
+    with _patch_models_endpoint(payload):
+        or_feed = AsyncMock(return_value=[])
+        with patch("routstr.payment.models.async_fetch_openrouter_models", or_feed):
+            models = await GenericUpstreamProvider(base_url="http://x").fetch_models()
+
+    # One malformed entry must not empty the catalog.
+    assert {m.id for m in models} == {"broken-price", "deepseek-chat"}
+    broken = _model_by_id(models, "broken-price")
+    assert broken.enabled is False
+    healthy = _model_by_id(models, "deepseek-chat")
+    assert healthy.enabled is True
+    assert healthy.pricing.prompt == pytest.approx(2.8e-07)
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# litellm rescue — the money-critical case (DeepSeek bare /models)
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_bare_deepseek_resolves_via_litellm() -> None:
+    """DeepSeek's ``/models`` carries no pricing. The old code fabricated
+    ``$0.001`` + ctx 4096; the resolver must instead pull DeepSeek's real
+    rates from litellm's bundled cost map (``$0.28``/``$0.42`` per 1M, ctx
+    131072) and keep the model enabled."""
+    payload = {
+        "data": [
+            {"id": "deepseek-chat", "object": "model", "owned_by": "deepseek"},
+        ]
+    }
+
+    with _patch_models_endpoint(payload):
+        or_feed = AsyncMock(return_value=[])
+        with patch(
+            "routstr.payment.models.async_fetch_openrouter_models", or_feed
+        ):
+            models = await GenericUpstreamProvider(base_url="http://x").fetch_models()
+
+    model = _model_by_id(models, "deepseek-chat")
+    assert model.enabled is True
+    assert model.pricing.prompt == pytest.approx(2.8e-07)
+    assert model.pricing.completion == pytest.approx(4.2e-07)
+    assert model.context_length == 131072
+    # Richer metadata than the two base prices is captured too.
+    assert model.pricing.input_cache_read == pytest.approx(2.8e-08)
+    assert model.top_provider is not None
+    assert model.top_provider.max_completion_tokens == 8192
+    # litellm answered, so the OpenRouter feed is never consulted.
+    or_feed.assert_not_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_litellm_zero_price_entry_fails_closed(
+    caplog: pytest.LogCaptureFixture,
+) -> None:
+    """A litellm entry that lists a model but prices it at 0/0 (free-tier
+    moderation/rerank models do this) is not a real price — treating it as one
+    would silently serve the model for free. The resolver must reject a both-zero
+    litellm hit and fall through, so the model imports disabled, not at $0."""
+    payload = {
+        "data": [
+            {"id": "omni-moderation-latest", "object": "model", "owned_by": "openai"},
+        ]
+    }
+
+    gen_logger = logging.getLogger("routstr.upstream.generic")
+    gen_logger.addHandler(caplog.handler)
+    try:
+        with _patch_models_endpoint(payload):
+            or_feed = AsyncMock(return_value=[])
+            with patch(
+                "routstr.payment.models.async_fetch_openrouter_models", or_feed
+            ):
+                models = await GenericUpstreamProvider(
+                    base_url="http://x"
+                ).fetch_models()
+    finally:
+        gen_logger.removeHandler(caplog.handler)
+
+    model = _model_by_id(models, "omni-moderation-latest")
+    assert model.enabled is False
+    assert model.pricing.prompt == 0.0
+    assert model.pricing.completion == 0.0
+    assert any(
+        "omni-moderation-latest" in rec.getMessage()
+        for rec in caplog.records
+        if rec.levelno >= logging.WARNING
+    )
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_litellm_output_cap_not_used_as_context() -> None:
+    """litellm's ``max_tokens`` is the completion cap, not the context window
+    (it tracks ``max_output_tokens`` for ~94% of models). When a model reports
+    no ``max_input_tokens``, the resolver must not smuggle the output cap in as
+    the context window; it falls back to the id-based estimate instead, while
+    ``max_tokens`` still feeds the completion limit."""
+    payload = {
+        "data": [
+            {
+                "id": "gemini/gemini-gemma-2-9b-it",
+                "object": "model",
+                "owned_by": "google",
+            },
+        ]
+    }
+
+    with _patch_models_endpoint(payload):
+        or_feed = AsyncMock(return_value=[])
+        with patch(
+            "routstr.payment.models.async_fetch_openrouter_models", or_feed
+        ):
+            models = await GenericUpstreamProvider(base_url="http://x").fetch_models()
+
+    model = _model_by_id(models, "gemini/gemini-gemma-2-9b-it")
+    assert model.enabled is True
+    # litellm gives this model max_input_tokens=None, max_tokens=8192 (an output
+    # cap). Context must come from the estimate (4096), never the 8192 cap.
+    assert model.context_length == 4096
+    # The 8192 output cap still lands where it belongs: the completion limit.
+    assert model.top_provider is not None
+    assert model.top_provider.max_completion_tokens == 8192
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# OpenRouter fallback — litellm misses, OR carries a full payload
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_unknown_to_litellm_resolves_via_openrouter() -> None:
+    """A model litellm has never heard of still resolves if the OpenRouter
+    feed lists it, pulling price + context from that entry."""
+    payload = {
+        "data": [
+            {"id": "exotic/model-9000", "object": "model", "owned_by": "exotic"},
+        ]
+    }
+    or_entry = {
+        "id": "exotic/model-9000",
+        "name": "Exotic 9000",
+        "context_length": 65536,
+        "architecture": {
+            "modality": "text+image->text",
+            "input_modalities": ["text", "image"],
+            "output_modalities": ["text"],
+            "tokenizer": "Other",
+            "instruct_type": None,
+        },
+        "pricing": {"prompt": "0.000005", "completion": "0.000010"},
+        "top_provider": {
+            "context_length": 65536,
+            "max_completion_tokens": 4096,
+            "is_moderated": False,
+        },
+    }
+
+    with _patch_models_endpoint(payload):
+        or_feed = AsyncMock(return_value=[or_entry])
+        with patch(
+            "routstr.payment.models.async_fetch_openrouter_models", or_feed
+        ):
+            models = await GenericUpstreamProvider(base_url="http://x").fetch_models()
+
+    model = _model_by_id(models, "exotic/model-9000")
+    assert model.enabled is True
+    assert model.pricing.prompt == pytest.approx(5e-06)
+    assert model.pricing.completion == pytest.approx(1e-05)
+    assert model.context_length == 65536
+    # The feed's own modality string is carried through verbatim, not recomputed.
+    assert model.architecture.modality == "text+image->text"
+    or_feed.assert_awaited()
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_openrouter_bare_tail_collision_picks_highest_price() -> None:
+    """When a bare model id matches several OpenRouter entries by tail
+    (``model`` ↔ ``a/model``, ``b/model``), the match must be deterministic and
+    money-safe: pick the highest-priced candidate regardless of feed order, so
+    ordering can never leave the node charging below true cost. (The live feed
+    has zero such collisions today; this guards the latent case.)"""
+    payload = {
+        "data": [
+            {"id": "zzz-phantom-model", "object": "model", "owned_by": "mystery"},
+        ]
+    }
+    # Same bare tail, different resellers; the pricier one is listed *second*
+    # so a first-wins match would pick the cheaper (undercharging) entry.
+    or_feed = AsyncMock(
+        return_value=[
+            {
+                "id": "cheapco/zzz-phantom-model",
+                "context_length": 8192,
+                "pricing": {"prompt": "0.000001", "completion": "0.000002"},
+            },
+            {
+                "id": "premiumco/zzz-phantom-model",
+                "context_length": 8192,
+                "pricing": {"prompt": "0.000009", "completion": "0.000010"},
+            },
+        ]
+    )
+
+    with _patch_models_endpoint(payload):
+        with patch("routstr.payment.models.async_fetch_openrouter_models", or_feed):
+            models = await GenericUpstreamProvider(base_url="http://x").fetch_models()
+
+    model = _model_by_id(models, "zzz-phantom-model")
+    assert model.pricing.prompt == pytest.approx(9e-06)
+    assert model.pricing.completion == pytest.approx(1e-05)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_openrouter_bare_tail_tie_breaks_on_combined_cost() -> None:
+    """The bare-tail tie-break must weigh *both* rates, not prompt alone.
+    Given two colliding entries where one is cheaper on prompt but far dearer
+    on completion, ranking by prompt would pick the entry that undercharges
+    output-heavy traffic. Pick the highest *combined* per-token cost so the
+    money-safe choice holds whichever way the traffic leans."""
+    payload = {
+        "data": [
+            {"id": "yyy-phantom-model", "object": "model", "owned_by": "mystery"},
+        ]
+    }
+    # dear-overall is listed first with the *lower* prompt, so a prompt-only max
+    # would wrongly pick the second (cheaper-overall) entry.
+    or_feed = AsyncMock(
+        return_value=[
+            {
+                "id": "dearco/yyy-phantom-model",
+                "context_length": 8192,
+                "pricing": {"prompt": "0.000001", "completion": "0.000100"},
+            },
+            {
+                "id": "cheapco/yyy-phantom-model",
+                "context_length": 8192,
+                "pricing": {"prompt": "0.000009", "completion": "0.000002"},
+            },
+        ]
+    )
+
+    with _patch_models_endpoint(payload):
+        with patch("routstr.payment.models.async_fetch_openrouter_models", or_feed):
+            models = await GenericUpstreamProvider(base_url="http://x").fetch_models()
+
+    model = _model_by_id(models, "yyy-phantom-model")
+    assert model.pricing.prompt == pytest.approx(1e-06)
+    assert model.pricing.completion == pytest.approx(1e-04)
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_openrouter_feed_fetched_once_per_discovery() -> None:
+    """Two models both missing litellm must share a single OpenRouter fetch —
+    the feed is not re-downloaded per model."""
+    payload = {
+        "data": [
+            {"id": "exotic/model-a", "object": "model", "owned_by": "exotic"},
+            {"id": "exotic/model-b", "object": "model", "owned_by": "exotic"},
+        ]
+    }
+    or_feed = AsyncMock(
+        return_value=[
+            {
+                "id": "exotic/model-a",
+                "context_length": 8192,
+                "pricing": {"prompt": "0.000001", "completion": "0.000002"},
+            },
+            {
+                "id": "exotic/model-b",
+                "context_length": 8192,
+                "pricing": {"prompt": "0.000003", "completion": "0.000004"},
+            },
+        ]
+    )
+
+    with _patch_models_endpoint(payload):
+        with patch("routstr.payment.models.async_fetch_openrouter_models", or_feed):
+            models = await GenericUpstreamProvider(base_url="http://x").fetch_models()
+
+    assert {m.id for m in models} == {"exotic/model-a", "exotic/model-b"}
+    assert or_feed.await_count == 1
+
+
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+# fail closed — no source resolves → disabled + warned, never fabricated
+# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_unresolvable_model_fails_closed(
+    caplog: pytest.LogCaptureFixture,
+) -> None:
+    """When native, litellm and OpenRouter all miss, the model is imported
+    disabled with a warning naming it — and no price is invented (the old
+    ``$0.001`` placeholder is gone)."""
+    payload = {
+        "data": [
+            {
+                "id": "nobody-has-priced-this-xyz",
+                "object": "model",
+                "owned_by": "mystery",
+            },
+        ]
+    }
+
+    # routstr loggers set propagate=False, so caplog's root handler misses
+    # them; attach its handler to the provider logger directly.
+    gen_logger = logging.getLogger("routstr.upstream.generic")
+    gen_logger.addHandler(caplog.handler)
+    try:
+        with _patch_models_endpoint(payload):
+            or_feed = AsyncMock(return_value=[])
+            with patch(
+                "routstr.payment.models.async_fetch_openrouter_models", or_feed
+            ):
+                models = await GenericUpstreamProvider(
+                    base_url="http://x"
+                ).fetch_models()
+    finally:
+        gen_logger.removeHandler(caplog.handler)
+
+    model = _model_by_id(models, "nobody-has-priced-this-xyz")
+    assert model.enabled is False
+    assert model.pricing.prompt == 0.0
+    assert model.pricing.completion == 0.0
+    assert any(
+        "nobody-has-priced-this-xyz" in rec.getMessage()
+        for rec in caplog.records
+        if rec.levelno >= logging.WARNING
+    )

tests/unit/test_upstream_rate_limit.py

@@ -0,0 +1,396 @@
+"""Tests for upstream rate-limit detection, classification, and org-ID redaction.
+
+Covers issue #555: upstream OpenAI-compatible providers return rate-limit
+errors that embed a sensitive organization ID. The proxy must classify these
+distinctly (``UPSTREAM_RATE_LIMIT``), preserve useful debugging fields, and
+never emit a raw ``org-*`` identifier in logs, errors, or returned bodies.
+"""
+
+from __future__ import annotations
+
+import json
+from typing import Any
+from unittest.mock import AsyncMock, MagicMock, Mock, patch
+
+import httpx
+import pytest
+
+from routstr.core.redaction import redact_org_ids
+from routstr.upstream.base import BaseUpstreamProvider
+from routstr.upstream.rate_limit import (
+    UPSTREAM_RATE_LIMIT,
+    RateLimitInfo,
+    classify_rate_limit,
+)
+
+# The exact scenario from the issue, with a realistic (fake) org identifier.
+RAW_ORG_ID = "org-abc123XYZ456def"
+RATE_LIMIT_MESSAGE = (
+    f"Rate limit reached for gpt-5.5-2026-04-23 (for limit gpt-5.5) in "
+    f"organization {RAW_ORG_ID} on tokens per min (TPM): Limit 180000000, "
+    f"Used 180000000, Requested 8929. Please try again in 2ms. Visit "
+    f"https://platform.openai.com/account/rate-limits to learn more."
+)
+
+
+def _make_request(request_id: str = "req-123") -> Mock:
+    request = Mock(spec=["method", "state"])
+    request.method = "POST"
+    request.state = Mock()
+    request.state.request_id = request_id
+    return request
+
+
+def _make_upstream_response(
+    *,
+    body: bytes,
+    status_code: int = 429,
+    content_type: str | None = "application/json",
+    extra_headers: dict[str, str] | None = None,
+) -> httpx.Response:
+    headers: dict[str, str] = {}
+    if content_type is not None:
+        headers["content-type"] = content_type
+    if extra_headers:
+        headers.update(extra_headers)
+    return httpx.Response(status_code=status_code, headers=headers, content=body)
+
+
+@pytest.fixture
+def provider() -> BaseUpstreamProvider:
+    return BaseUpstreamProvider(
+        base_url="https://privateprovider.xyz", api_key="k", provider_fee=1.0
+    )
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# Redaction
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+def test_redact_org_ids_replaces_identifier() -> None:
+    assert RAW_ORG_ID not in redact_org_ids(RATE_LIMIT_MESSAGE)
+    assert "org-[REDACTED]" in redact_org_ids(RATE_LIMIT_MESSAGE)
+
+
+def test_redact_org_ids_is_idempotent() -> None:
+    once = redact_org_ids(RATE_LIMIT_MESSAGE)
+    assert redact_org_ids(once) == once
+
+
+def test_redact_org_ids_leaves_unrelated_text() -> None:
+    assert redact_org_ids("organize the org-chart") == "organize the org-chart"
+    assert redact_org_ids("") == ""
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# Classification
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+def test_classify_exact_scenario() -> None:
+    info = classify_rate_limit(429, RATE_LIMIT_MESSAGE)
+    assert isinstance(info, RateLimitInfo)
+    assert info.code == UPSTREAM_RATE_LIMIT
+    assert info.model == "gpt-5.5-2026-04-23"
+    assert info.limit_name == "gpt-5.5"
+    assert info.metric == "tokens per min (TPM)"
+    assert info.limit == 180000000
+    assert info.used == 180000000
+    assert info.requested == 8929
+    assert info.retry_after_seconds == pytest.approx(0.002)
+    # Redaction-safe: no raw org id survives into the structured view.
+    assert RAW_ORG_ID not in info.message
+    assert RAW_ORG_ID not in json.dumps(info.as_details())
+
+
+def test_classify_by_status_code_without_marker() -> None:
+    info = classify_rate_limit(429, "slow down")
+    assert info is not None
+    assert info.code == UPSTREAM_RATE_LIMIT
+
+
+def test_classify_by_message_marker_without_429() -> None:
+    info = classify_rate_limit(400, "rate_limit_exceeded for this key")
+    assert info is not None
+
+
+def test_retry_after_header_takes_precedence() -> None:
+    info = classify_rate_limit(429, RATE_LIMIT_MESSAGE, {"Retry-After": "12"})
+    assert info is not None
+    assert info.retry_after_seconds == pytest.approx(12.0)
+
+
+def test_non_rate_limit_error_is_not_classified() -> None:
+    assert classify_rate_limit(400, "invalid request: missing field 'model'") is None
+    assert classify_rate_limit(500, "internal server error") is None
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# forward_upstream_error_response integration
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_json_rate_limit_body_is_redacted_and_forwarded(
+    provider: BaseUpstreamProvider,
+) -> None:
+    body = json.dumps(
+        {"error": {"message": RATE_LIMIT_MESSAGE, "type": "rate_limit_exceeded"}}
+    ).encode()
+    upstream = _make_upstream_response(body=body, status_code=429)
+
+    response = await provider.forward_upstream_error_response(
+        _make_request(), "v1/chat/completions", upstream
+    )
+
+    assert response.status_code == 429
+    raw = bytes(response.body).decode()
+    # No raw organization id may survive in the forwarded body.
+    assert RAW_ORG_ID not in raw
+    assert "org-[REDACTED]" in raw
+    # Body remains valid JSON; the original type is preserved while a stable
+    # rate-limit code is injected so callers can switch on it.
+    payload: dict[str, Any] = json.loads(raw)
+    assert payload["error"]["type"] == "rate_limit_exceeded"
+    assert payload["error"]["code"] == UPSTREAM_RATE_LIMIT
+    assert payload["error"]["details"]["model"] == "gpt-5.5-2026-04-23"
+    # A retry hint extracted from the message is surfaced as a header.
+    assert "retry-after" in {k.lower() for k in response.headers}
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_non_json_rate_limit_envelope_uses_stable_code(
+    provider: BaseUpstreamProvider,
+) -> None:
+    upstream = _make_upstream_response(
+        body=RATE_LIMIT_MESSAGE.encode(),
+        status_code=429,
+        content_type="text/plain",
+    )
+
+    response = await provider.forward_upstream_error_response(
+        _make_request(), "v1/chat/completions", upstream
+    )
+
+    payload: dict[str, Any] = json.loads(bytes(response.body))
+    assert payload["error"]["code"] == UPSTREAM_RATE_LIMIT
+    assert payload["error"]["details"]["model"] == "gpt-5.5-2026-04-23"
+    serialized = json.dumps(payload)
+    assert RAW_ORG_ID not in serialized
+    assert "org-[REDACTED]" in serialized
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_non_rate_limit_json_error_unchanged(
+    provider: BaseUpstreamProvider,
+) -> None:
+    body = json.dumps(
+        {"error": {"message": "missing field 'model'", "type": "invalid_request"}}
+    ).encode()
+    upstream = _make_upstream_response(body=body, status_code=400)
+
+    response = await provider.forward_upstream_error_response(
+        _make_request(), "v1/chat/completions", upstream
+    )
+
+    assert response.status_code == 400
+    payload: dict[str, Any] = json.loads(bytes(response.body))
+    assert payload["error"]["type"] == "invalid_request"
+    assert "retry-after" not in {k.lower() for k in response.headers}
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# UpstreamError -> proxy response (preserves code/details/status)
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+def test_create_upstream_error_response_preserves_structure() -> None:
+    from routstr.core.exceptions import UpstreamError
+    from routstr.payment.helpers import create_upstream_error_response
+
+    info = classify_rate_limit(429, RATE_LIMIT_MESSAGE)
+    assert info is not None
+    err = UpstreamError(
+        f"Upstream error via litellm: {RATE_LIMIT_MESSAGE}",
+        status_code=429,
+        code=info.code,
+        details=info.as_details(),
+    )
+
+    response = create_upstream_error_response(err, _make_request())
+
+    # Original upstream status is preserved (not flattened to 502).
+    assert response.status_code == 429
+    payload: dict[str, Any] = json.loads(bytes(response.body))
+    assert payload["error"]["type"] == "upstream_error"
+    assert payload["error"]["code"] == UPSTREAM_RATE_LIMIT
+    assert payload["error"]["details"]["requested"] == 8929
+    serialized = json.dumps(payload)
+    assert RAW_ORG_ID not in serialized
+    assert "org-[REDACTED]" in serialized
+
+
+def test_generic_upstream_error_still_defaults_to_502() -> None:
+    from routstr.core.exceptions import UpstreamError
+    from routstr.payment.helpers import create_upstream_error_response
+
+    err = UpstreamError("connection refused")  # status_code defaults to 502
+
+    response = create_upstream_error_response(err, _make_request())
+
+    assert response.status_code == 502
+    payload: dict[str, Any] = json.loads(bytes(response.body))
+    assert payload["error"]["type"] == "upstream_error"
+    assert payload["error"]["code"] == 502
+    assert "details" not in payload["error"]
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# Structured log-extra redaction
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+def test_security_filter_redacts_org_id_in_extra() -> None:
+    import logging
+
+    from routstr.core.logging import SecurityFilter
+
+    record = logging.LogRecord(
+        name="test",
+        level=logging.ERROR,
+        pathname=__file__,
+        lineno=1,
+        msg="upstream failed",
+        args=(),
+        exc_info=None,
+    )
+    # Simulate an ``extra={"body_preview": ...}`` field carrying an org id.
+    setattr(record, "body_preview", RATE_LIMIT_MESSAGE)
+
+    assert SecurityFilter().filter(record) is True
+    redacted: str = getattr(record, "body_preview")
+    assert RAW_ORG_ID not in redacted
+    assert "org-[REDACTED]" in redacted
+
+
+def test_security_filter_redacts_org_id_in_nested_extra() -> None:
+    import logging
+
+    from routstr.core.logging import SecurityFilter
+
+    record = logging.LogRecord(
+        name="test",
+        level=logging.ERROR,
+        pathname=__file__,
+        lineno=1,
+        msg="upstream failed",
+        args=(),
+        exc_info=None,
+    )
+    # Nested structures: dict containing a list containing the org id.
+    setattr(record, "body", {"error": {"messages": [RATE_LIMIT_MESSAGE]}})
+
+    assert SecurityFilter().filter(record) is True
+    serialized = json.dumps(getattr(record, "body"))
+    assert RAW_ORG_ID not in serialized
+    assert "org-[REDACTED]" in serialized
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# 5xx-wrapped rate limit through forward_upstream_error_response
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_5xx_wrapped_rate_limit_is_classified(
+    provider: BaseUpstreamProvider,
+) -> None:
+    # Some providers wrap a rate-limit in a 5xx envelope; classification must
+    # key off the message marker, not only the 429 status.
+    body = json.dumps({"error": {"message": RATE_LIMIT_MESSAGE}}).encode()
+    upstream = _make_upstream_response(body=body, status_code=500)
+
+    response = await provider.forward_upstream_error_response(
+        _make_request(), "v1/chat/completions", upstream
+    )
+
+    assert response.status_code == 500
+    payload: dict[str, Any] = json.loads(bytes(response.body))
+    assert payload["error"]["code"] == UPSTREAM_RATE_LIMIT
+    serialized = json.dumps(payload)
+    assert RAW_ORG_ID not in serialized
+    assert "org-[REDACTED]" in serialized
+
+
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+# Real proxy loop: structured error surfaced + reservation reverted once
+# --------------------------------------------------------------------------- #
+
+
+@pytest.mark.asyncio
+async def test_proxy_loop_surfaces_rate_limit_and_reverts_once() -> None:
+    from routstr import proxy as proxy_module
+    from routstr.core.db import ApiKey
+    from routstr.core.exceptions import UpstreamError
+
+    info = classify_rate_limit(429, RATE_LIMIT_MESSAGE)
+    assert info is not None
+
+    key = ApiKey(hashed_key="rlkey", balance=10_000)
+
+    request = MagicMock()
+    request.method = "POST"
+    request.headers = {"authorization": "Bearer sk-rlkey"}
+    request.body = AsyncMock(return_value=b'{"model": "test-model"}')
+    request.state = MagicMock()
+    request.state.request_id = "req-rl"
+
+    upstream = MagicMock()
+    upstream.provider_type = "test"
+    upstream.prepare_headers = MagicMock(side_effect=lambda h: h)
+    upstream.forward_request = AsyncMock(
+        side_effect=UpstreamError(
+            f"Upstream error via litellm: {RATE_LIMIT_MESSAGE}",
+            status_code=429,
+            code=info.code,
+            details=info.as_details(),
+        )
+    )
+
+    session = MagicMock()
+    revert_mock = AsyncMock(return_value=True)
+
+    with (
+        patch.object(proxy_module, "get_model_instance", return_value=MagicMock()),
+        patch.object(proxy_module, "get_provider_for_model", return_value=[upstream]),
+        patch.object(
+            proxy_module, "get_max_cost_for_model", AsyncMock(return_value=1_000)
+        ),
+        patch.object(
+            proxy_module,
+            "calculate_discounted_max_cost",
+            AsyncMock(return_value=1_000),
+        ),
+        patch.object(proxy_module, "check_token_balance", MagicMock()),
+        patch.object(
+            proxy_module, "get_bearer_token_key", AsyncMock(return_value=key)
+        ),
+        patch.object(proxy_module, "pay_for_request", AsyncMock(return_value=1_000)),
+        patch.object(proxy_module, "revert_pay_for_request", revert_mock),
+    ):
+        response = await proxy_module.proxy(
+            request, "v1/chat/completions", session=session
+        )
+
+    # Original 429 status and the stable code/details survive to the client.
+    assert response.status_code == 429
+    payload: dict[str, Any] = json.loads(bytes(response.body))
+    assert payload["error"]["type"] == "upstream_error"
+    assert payload["error"]["code"] == UPSTREAM_RATE_LIMIT
+    assert payload["error"]["details"]["requested"] == 8929
+    serialized = json.dumps(payload)
+    assert RAW_ORG_ID not in serialized
+    assert "org-[REDACTED]" in serialized
+    # Single upstream failed -> reservation reverted exactly once (no double-charge).
+    revert_mock.assert_awaited_once_with(key, session, 1_000)

tests/unit/test_usage_normalization.py

@@ -0,0 +1,140 @@
+"""Tests for vendor-agnostic usage normalization.
+
+Specifies the seam that keeps vendor usage dialects out of generic billing
+code: a canonical ``NormalizedUsage`` shape produced by
+``routstr.payment.usage.normalize_usage`` (union parser for the known,
+non-colliding dialects). ``calculate_cost`` normalizes the response's usage
+object with this parser and needs no vendor knowledge of its own.
+"""
+
+import os
+
+os.environ.setdefault("UPSTREAM_BASE_URL", "http://test")
+os.environ.setdefault("UPSTREAM_API_KEY", "test")
+os.environ.setdefault("LIGHTNING_ADDRESS", "test@stm.to")
+
+import pytest
+
+from routstr.payment.usage import NormalizedUsage, normalize_usage
+
+# ============================================================================
+# The union parser: one canonical shape for all known dialects
+# ============================================================================
+
+
+@pytest.mark.parametrize(
+    "usage,expected",
+    [
+        # OpenAI: cached_tokens included in prompt_tokens → subtracted
+        (
+            {
+                "prompt_tokens": 2000,
+                "completion_tokens": 100,
+                "prompt_tokens_details": {"cached_tokens": 800},
+            },
+            NormalizedUsage(
+                input_tokens=1200,
+                output_tokens=100,
+                cache_read_tokens=800,
+                cache_write_tokens=0,
+            ),
+        ),
+        # DeepSeek: hit/miss fields, prompt_tokens = hit + miss → hit subtracted
+        (
+            {
+                "prompt_tokens": 10000,
+                "completion_tokens": 500,
+                "prompt_cache_hit_tokens": 9000,
+                "prompt_cache_miss_tokens": 1000,
+            },
+            NormalizedUsage(
+                input_tokens=1000,
+                output_tokens=500,
+                cache_read_tokens=9000,
+                cache_write_tokens=0,
+            ),
+        ),
+        # Anthropic: cache fields additive, input_tokens NOT reduced
+        (
+            {
+                "input_tokens": 300,
+                "output_tokens": 100,
+                "cache_read_input_tokens": 500,
+                "cache_creation_input_tokens": 2000,
+            },
+            NormalizedUsage(
+                input_tokens=300,
+                output_tokens=100,
+                cache_read_tokens=500,
+                cache_write_tokens=2000,
+            ),
+        ),
+        # Plain OpenAI without caching
+        (
+            {"prompt_tokens": 100, "completion_tokens": 50},
+            NormalizedUsage(input_tokens=100, output_tokens=50),
+        ),
+        # OpenRouter: cache writes nested as prompt_tokens_details.cache_write_tokens,
+        # both reads and writes included in prompt_tokens → both subtracted
+        (
+            {
+                "prompt_tokens": 10000,
+                "completion_tokens": 60,
+                "prompt_tokens_details": {
+                    "cached_tokens": 5000,
+                    "cache_write_tokens": 2000,
+                },
+            },
+            NormalizedUsage(
+                input_tokens=3000,
+                output_tokens=60,
+                cache_read_tokens=5000,
+                cache_write_tokens=2000,
+            ),
+        ),
+        # litellm-normalized Anthropic: prompt_tokens is the grand total and the
+        # write field is named cache_creation_tokens; top-level fields mirror it.
+        # prompt_tokens present → both subtracted (NOT additive like native).
+        (
+            {
+                "prompt_tokens": 10000,
+                "completion_tokens": 100,
+                "cache_read_input_tokens": 5000,
+                "cache_creation_input_tokens": 2000,
+                "prompt_tokens_details": {
+                    "cached_tokens": 5000,
+                    "cache_creation_tokens": 2000,
+                },
+            },
+            NormalizedUsage(
+                input_tokens=3000,
+                output_tokens=100,
+                cache_read_tokens=5000,
+                cache_write_tokens=2000,
+            ),
+        ),
+    ],
+)
+def test_normalize_usage_dialects(usage: dict, expected: NormalizedUsage) -> None:
+    """Each known vendor dialect maps onto the same canonical shape."""
+    assert normalize_usage(usage) == expected
+
+
+def test_normalize_usage_absent_usage() -> None:
+    """Missing/invalid usage yields None so callers can bill at max cost."""
+    assert normalize_usage(None) is None
+    assert normalize_usage("not a dict") is None  # type: ignore[arg-type]
+
+
+def test_normalize_usage_never_negative() -> None:
+    """Buggy upstreams reporting more cached than prompt tokens clamp to 0."""
+    result = normalize_usage(
+        {
+            "prompt_tokens": 100,
+            "completion_tokens": 50,
+            "prompt_cache_hit_tokens": 150,
+        }
+    )
+    assert result is not None
+    assert result.input_tokens == 0
+    assert result.cache_read_tokens == 150

tests/unit/test_x_cashu_cost_sats.py

@@ -64,7 +64,6 @@ async def test_non_streaming_includes_cost_sats() -> None:
             unit="msat",
             max_cost_for_model=10000,
             mint=None,
-            payment_token_hash=None,
         )
 
     body = json.loads(response.body)
@@ -170,7 +169,6 @@ async def test_streaming_includes_cost_sats_in_usage_chunk() -> None:
             unit="msat",
             max_cost_for_model=10000,
             mint=None,
-            payment_token_hash=None,
         )
 
     chunks = await _collect_streaming(response)

ui/README.md

@@ -1,36 +1,44 @@
-This is a [Next.js](https://nextjs.org) project bootstrapped with [`create-next-app`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/cli/create-next-app).
+# Routstr node admin UI
 
-## Getting Started
+A [Next.js](https://nextjs.org) app (App Router, **static export**) that provides the
+admin dashboard for a `routstr-core` node: login, settings, providers, balances,
+transactions, usage, and logs.
 
-First, run the development server:
+There is no separate web server in production. `next build` produces a fully static
+export (`next.config.ts` sets `output: 'export'`), and the FastAPI backend serves it
+directly from `../ui_out/` (see `routstr/core/main.py`). So the UI and the API are
+served from the **same origin** in production.
 
-```bash
-npm run dev
-# or
-yarn dev
-# or
-pnpm dev
-# or
-bun dev
-```
+## Developing the UI (hot reload)
 
-Open [http://localhost:3000](http://localhost:3000) with your browser to see the result.
+The everyday loop runs two processes side by side — you do **not** rebuild the static
+export while developing:
 
-You can start editing the page by modifying `app/page.tsx`. The page auto-updates as you edit the file.
+1. Start the backend on `:8000` — from the repo root: `make docker-up` (or
+   `uvicorn routstr.core.main:app --reload`).
+2. Start the Next.js dev server on `:3000` — from the repo root: `make ui-dev`
+   (or `cd ui && pnpm dev`). Edits hot-reload instantly.
 
-This project uses [`next/font`](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/optimizing/fonts) to automatically optimize and load [Geist](https://vercel.com/font), a new font family for Vercel.
+Open http://localhost:3000. With no `NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL` set, the UI falls back to
+`http://127.0.0.1:8000` in development (see `lib/api/services/configuration.ts`), so it
+talks to the local backend out of the box.
 
-## Learn More
+Because dev is cross-origin (`:3000` → `:8000`), it relies on the backend's CORS
+allowing the UI origin. The default `cors_origins` is `["*"]`; if you tighten CORS,
+keep `http://localhost:3000` allowed for development.
 
-To learn more about Next.js, take a look at the following resources:
+## Building the integrated/static UI (what production serves)
 
-- [Next.js Documentation](https://nextjs.org/docs) - learn about Next.js features and API.
-- [Learn Next.js](https://nextjs.org/learn) - an interactive Next.js tutorial.
+To produce the bundle that FastAPI serves from `../ui_out/`:
 
-You can check out [the Next.js GitHub repository](https://github.com/vercel/next.js) - your feedback and contributions are welcome!
+- `make ui-build` — builds with local Node/pnpm (`scripts/build-ui.sh`), then moves
+  `ui/out/*` to `../ui_out/`.
+- `make ui-build-docker` — same, but inside Docker (no local Node needed).
 
-## Deploy on Vercel
+`NEXT_PUBLIC_*` variables are read from the repo-root `.env` at build time and baked in.
+For a same-origin deployment leave `NEXT_PUBLIC_API_URL` empty (relative paths); the UI
+uses `window.location.origin` at runtime. After building, start the backend and open
+http://localhost:8000 — the dashboard is served at `/` and `/admin`.
 
-The easiest way to deploy your Next.js app is to use the [Vercel Platform](https://vercel.com/new?utm_medium=default-template&filter=next.js&utm_source=create-next-app&utm_campaign=create-next-app-readme) from the creators of Next.js.
-
-Check out our [Next.js deployment documentation](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/deploying) for more details.
+If `../ui_out/` does not exist, the backend logs a warning at startup and serves the API
+only (hitting a UI route returns a small JSON fallback instead of the dashboard).

ui/app/logs/log-details-dialog.tsx

@@ -71,8 +71,8 @@ export function LogDetailsDialog({
           <div className='space-y-6'>
             <div>
               <h4 className='mb-2 text-sm font-medium'>Message</h4>
-              <div className='bg-muted max-h-48 overflow-auto rounded-md p-3'>
-                <pre className='font-mono text-sm break-all whitespace-pre'>
+              <div className='bg-muted max-h-96 overflow-auto rounded-md p-3'>
+                <pre className='font-mono text-sm break-words whitespace-pre-wrap'>
                   {log.message}
                 </pre>
               </div>
@@ -113,8 +113,8 @@ export function LogDetailsDialog({
                         </Button>
                       )}
                     </div>
-                    <div className='bg-muted max-h-32 overflow-auto rounded p-2'>
-                      <pre className='font-mono text-sm break-all whitespace-pre-wrap'>
+                    <div className='bg-muted max-h-64 overflow-auto rounded p-2'>
+                      <pre className='font-mono text-sm break-words whitespace-pre-wrap'>
                         {String(log[field as keyof LogEntry] || 'N/A')}
                       </pre>
                     </div>
@@ -132,13 +132,13 @@ export function LogDetailsDialog({
                       <span className='text-muted-foreground truncate text-xs font-medium uppercase'>
                         {field}
                       </span>
-                      <div className='bg-muted max-h-48 overflow-auto rounded p-2'>
+                      <div className='bg-muted max-h-80 overflow-auto rounded p-2'>
                         {typeof log[field] === 'object' ? (
-                          <pre className='font-mono text-xs break-all whitespace-pre-wrap'>
+                          <pre className='font-mono text-xs break-words whitespace-pre-wrap'>
                             {JSON.stringify(log[field], null, 2)}
                           </pre>
                         ) : (
-                          <pre className='font-mono text-sm break-all whitespace-pre-wrap'>
+                          <pre className='font-mono text-sm break-words whitespace-pre-wrap'>
                             {String(log[field] || 'N/A')}
                           </pre>
                         )}
@@ -173,8 +173,8 @@ export function LogDetailsDialog({
                   )}
                 </Button>
               </div>
-              <div className='bg-muted max-h-64 overflow-auto rounded-md p-4'>
-                <pre className='text-xs break-all whitespace-pre-wrap'>
+              <div className='bg-muted max-h-[32rem] overflow-auto rounded-md p-4'>
+                <pre className='text-xs break-words whitespace-pre-wrap'>
                   {JSON.stringify(log, null, 2)}
                 </pre>
               </div>

ui/app/providers/page.tsx

@@ -297,16 +297,13 @@ export default function ProvidersPage() {
   };
 
   const toggleProviderExpansion = (providerId: number) => {
-    const newExpanded = new Set(expandedProviders);
-    if (newExpanded.has(providerId)) {
-      newExpanded.delete(providerId);
-    } else {
-      newExpanded.add(providerId);
-    }
-    setExpandedProviders(newExpanded);
-    if (!newExpanded.has(providerId)) {
+    if (expandedProviders.has(providerId)) {
+      setExpandedProviders(new Set());
       setViewingModels(null);
     } else {
+      // Accordion: only one provider open at a time so switching to another
+      // provider's models auto-collapses the previously expanded one.
+      setExpandedProviders(new Set([providerId]));
       setViewingModels(providerId);
     }
   };

ui/components/add-provider-model-dialog.tsx

@@ -68,6 +68,8 @@ const FormSchema = z.object({
   upstream_provider_id: z.string().default(''),
   input_cost: z.coerce.number().min(0).default(0),
   output_cost: z.coerce.number().min(0).default(0),
+  cache_read_cost: z.coerce.number().min(0).default(0),
+  cache_write_cost: z.coerce.number().min(0).default(0),
   request_cost: z.coerce.number().min(0).default(0),
   image_cost: z.coerce.number().min(0).default(0),
   web_search_cost: z.coerce.number().min(0).default(0),
@@ -125,6 +127,8 @@ export function AddProviderModelDialog({
       upstream_provider_id: '',
       input_cost: 0,
       output_cost: 0,
+      cache_read_cost: 0,
+      cache_write_cost: 0,
       request_cost: 0,
       image_cost: 0,
       web_search_cost: 0,
@@ -190,6 +194,8 @@ export function AddProviderModelDialog({
             : initialData.upstream_provider_id?.toString() || '',
         input_cost: pricing?.prompt ?? 0,
         output_cost: pricing?.completion ?? 0,
+        cache_read_cost: pricing?.input_cache_read ?? 0,
+        cache_write_cost: pricing?.input_cache_write ?? 0,
         request_cost: pricing?.request ?? 0,
         image_cost: pricing?.image ?? 0,
         web_search_cost: pricing?.web_search ?? 0,
@@ -231,6 +237,8 @@ export function AddProviderModelDialog({
         upstream_provider_id: '',
         input_cost: 0,
         output_cost: 0,
+        cache_read_cost: 0,
+        cache_write_cost: 0,
         request_cost: 0,
         image_cost: 0,
         web_search_cost: 0,
@@ -294,6 +302,8 @@ export function AddProviderModelDialog({
     );
     form.setValue('input_cost', pricing?.prompt ?? 0);
     form.setValue('output_cost', pricing?.completion ?? 0);
+    form.setValue('cache_read_cost', pricing?.input_cache_read ?? 0);
+    form.setValue('cache_write_cost', pricing?.input_cache_write ?? 0);
     form.setValue('request_cost', pricing?.request ?? 0);
     form.setValue('image_cost', pricing?.image ?? 0);
     form.setValue('web_search_cost', pricing?.web_search ?? 0);
@@ -365,6 +375,8 @@ export function AddProviderModelDialog({
         pricing: {
           prompt: data.input_cost,
           completion: data.output_cost,
+          input_cache_read: data.cache_read_cost,
+          input_cache_write: data.cache_write_cost,
           request: data.request_cost,
           image: data.image_cost,
           web_search: data.web_search_cost,
@@ -810,6 +822,38 @@ export function AddProviderModelDialog({
                     </FormItem>
                   )}
                 />
+                <FormField
+                  control={form.control}
+                  name='cache_read_cost'
+                  render={({ field }) => (
+                    <FormItem>
+                      <FormLabel>Cache Read Cost</FormLabel>
+                      <FormControl>
+                        <Input type='number' step='0.000001' {...field} />
+                      </FormControl>
+                      <FormDescription>
+                        Discounted cached-input read price per 1M tokens.
+                      </FormDescription>
+                      <FormMessage />
+                    </FormItem>
+                  )}
+                />
+                <FormField
+                  control={form.control}
+                  name='cache_write_cost'
+                  render={({ field }) => (
+                    <FormItem>
+                      <FormLabel>Cache Write Cost</FormLabel>
+                      <FormControl>
+                        <Input type='number' step='0.000001' {...field} />
+                      </FormControl>
+                      <FormDescription>
+                        Cached-input creation price per 1M tokens.
+                      </FormDescription>
+                      <FormMessage />
+                    </FormItem>
+                  )}
+                />
                 <FormField
                   control={form.control}
                   name='request_cost'

ui/components/provider-form-fields.tsx

@@ -118,6 +118,26 @@ export function ProviderFormFields({
         />
       )}
 
+      <div className='grid gap-2'>
+        <Label htmlFor={`${idPrefix}slug`}>
+          Slug {mode === 'create' ? '(optional, auto-generated)' : ''}
+        </Label>
+        <Input
+          id={`${idPrefix}slug`}
+          value={formData.slug || ''}
+          onChange={(e) =>
+            setFormData((prev) => ({
+              ...prev,
+              slug: e.target.value || undefined,
+            }))
+          }
+          placeholder='e.g. openai-prod'
+        />
+        <p className='text-muted-foreground text-xs'>
+          Stable external key used to update this provider via the admin API.
+        </p>
+      </div>
+
       <div className='grid gap-2'>
         <Label htmlFor={`${idPrefix}base_url`}>Base URL</Label>
         <Input

ui/components/temporary-balances.tsx

@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 'use client';
 
-import { useState } from 'react';
-import { useQuery } from '@tanstack/react-query';
+import { useEffect, useState } from 'react';
+import { useQuery, keepPreviousData } from '@tanstack/react-query';
 import {
   RefreshCw,
   AlertCircle,
@@ -9,8 +9,10 @@ import {
   Clock,
   DollarSign,
   Activity,
+  ChevronLeft,
+  ChevronRight,
 } from 'lucide-react';
-import { AdminService, TemporaryBalance } from '@/lib/api/services/admin';
+import { AdminService } from '@/lib/api/services/admin';
 import {
   Card,
   CardContent,
@@ -41,52 +43,12 @@ import {
 import { cn } from '@/lib/utils';
 import type { DisplayUnit } from '@/lib/types/units';
 import { formatFromMsat } from '@/lib/currency';
+import { format } from 'date-fns';
 
-function getTotals(balances: TemporaryBalance[]) {
-  let totalBalance = 0;
-  let totalSpent = 0;
-  let totalRequests = 0;
+const PAGE_SIZE = 50;
 
-  balances.forEach((balance) => {
-    if (!balance.parent_key_hash) {
-      totalBalance += balance.balance || 0;
-    }
-    totalSpent += balance.total_spent || 0;
-    totalRequests += balance.total_requests || 0;
-  });
-
-  return { totalBalance, totalSpent, totalRequests };
-}
-
-function buildHierarchicalData(
-  allBalances: TemporaryBalance[],
-  filteredBalances: TemporaryBalance[]
-) {
-  const parents = filteredBalances.filter((item) => !item.parent_key_hash);
-  const result: Array<TemporaryBalance & { isChild?: boolean }> = [];
-
-  parents.forEach((parent) => {
-    result.push(parent);
-
-    const children = allBalances.filter(
-      (item) => item.parent_key_hash === parent.hashed_key
-    );
-
-    children.forEach((child) => {
-      result.push({ ...child, isChild: true });
-    });
-  });
-
-  const orphans = filteredBalances.filter(
-    (item) =>
-      item.parent_key_hash &&
-      !result.some((r) => r.hashed_key === item.hashed_key)
-  );
-
-  result.push(...orphans.map((item) => ({ ...item, isChild: true })));
-
-  return result;
-}
+const formatCreatedAt = (createdAt: number | null | undefined) =>
+  createdAt ? format(createdAt * 1000, 'yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm:ss') : '—';
 
 export function TemporaryBalances({
   refreshInterval = 10000,
@@ -98,38 +60,55 @@ export function TemporaryBalances({
   usdPerSat: number | null;
 }) {
   const [searchTerm, setSearchTerm] = useState('');
+  const [debouncedSearch, setDebouncedSearch] = useState('');
+  const [page, setPage] = useState(0);
+
+  // Debounce the search input so we don't refetch on every keystroke.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    const handle = setTimeout(() => setDebouncedSearch(searchTerm), 300);
+    return () => clearTimeout(handle);
+  }, [searchTerm]);
+
+  // Reset to the first page whenever the active search changes.
+  useEffect(() => {
+    setPage(0);
+  }, [debouncedSearch]);
+
+  const searchParam = debouncedSearch || undefined;
 
   const { data, isLoading, isError, error, isFetching, refetch } = useQuery({
-    queryKey: ['temporary-balances'],
-    queryFn: async () => AdminService.getTemporaryBalances(),
+    queryKey: ['temporary-balances', searchParam, page],
+    queryFn: async () =>
+      AdminService.getTemporaryBalances(
+        searchParam,
+        PAGE_SIZE,
+        page * PAGE_SIZE
+      ),
     refetchInterval: refreshInterval,
+    placeholderData: keepPreviousData,
   });
 
   const formatBalance = (msat: number) =>
     formatFromMsat(msat, displayUnit, usdPerSat);
 
-  const filteredData = data
-    ? data.filter(
-        (item) =>
-          item.hashed_key.toLowerCase().includes(searchTerm.toLowerCase()) ||
-          item.refund_address?.toLowerCase().includes(searchTerm.toLowerCase())
-      )
-    : [];
-
-  const totals = data
-    ? getTotals(data)
-    : { totalBalance: 0, totalSpent: 0, totalRequests: 0 };
-
-  const rows = data ? buildHierarchicalData(data, filteredData) : [];
+  const rows = data?.balances ?? [];
+  const total = data?.total ?? 0;
+  const totals = data?.totals ?? {
+    total_balance: 0,
+    total_spent: 0,
+    total_requests: 0,
+  };
+  const totalPages = Math.ceil(total / PAGE_SIZE);
 
   return (
     <Card>
       <CardHeader className='pb-4'>
         <div className='flex flex-col gap-3 sm:flex-row sm:items-start sm:justify-between'>
           <div className='space-y-1.5'>
-            <CardTitle>Temporary Balances</CardTitle>
+            <CardTitle>API Keys</CardTitle>
             <CardDescription className='max-w-2xl'>
-              API keys with their current balances and usage statistics
+              API keys with their current balances and usage statistics, newest
+              first
             </CardDescription>
           </div>
 
@@ -156,7 +135,7 @@ export function TemporaryBalances({
                   (isFetching || isLoading) && 'animate-spin'
                 )}
               />
-              <span className='sr-only'>Refresh temporary balances</span>
+              <span className='sr-only'>Refresh API keys</span>
             </Button>
           </div>
         </div>
@@ -190,7 +169,7 @@ export function TemporaryBalances({
           <Alert variant='destructive'>
             <AlertCircle className='h-5 w-5' />
             <AlertDescription>
-              Error loading temporary balances: {(error as Error).message}
+              Error loading API keys: {(error as Error).message}
             </AlertDescription>
           </Alert>
         ) : (
@@ -207,7 +186,7 @@ export function TemporaryBalances({
                 </CardHeader>
                 <CardContent className='pt-0'>
                   <p className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight tabular-nums'>
-                    {formatBalance(totals.totalBalance)}
+                    {formatBalance(totals.total_balance)}
                   </p>
                 </CardContent>
               </Card>
@@ -222,7 +201,7 @@ export function TemporaryBalances({
                 </CardHeader>
                 <CardContent className='pt-0'>
                   <p className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight tabular-nums'>
-                    {formatBalance(totals.totalSpent)}
+                    {formatBalance(totals.total_spent)}
                   </p>
                 </CardContent>
               </Card>
@@ -237,12 +216,44 @@ export function TemporaryBalances({
                 </CardHeader>
                 <CardContent className='pt-0'>
                   <p className='text-2xl font-semibold tracking-tight tabular-nums'>
-                    {totals.totalRequests.toLocaleString()}
+                    {totals.total_requests.toLocaleString()}
                   </p>
                 </CardContent>
               </Card>
             </div>
 
+            {totalPages > 1 && (
+              <div className='flex flex-col gap-2 border-b pb-3 sm:flex-row sm:items-center sm:justify-between'>
+                <span className='text-muted-foreground text-xs sm:text-sm'>
+                  {page * PAGE_SIZE + 1}–
+                  {Math.min((page + 1) * PAGE_SIZE, total)} of {total}
+                </span>
+                <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+                  <Button
+                    variant='outline'
+                    size='sm'
+                    disabled={page === 0}
+                    onClick={() => setPage(page - 1)}
+                  >
+                    <ChevronLeft className='h-4 w-4' />
+                    <span className='hidden sm:inline'>Previous</span>
+                  </Button>
+                  <span className='text-xs sm:text-sm'>
+                    {page + 1} / {totalPages}
+                  </span>
+                  <Button
+                    variant='outline'
+                    size='sm'
+                    disabled={page >= totalPages - 1}
+                    onClick={() => setPage(page + 1)}
+                  >
+                    <span className='hidden sm:inline'>Next</span>
+                    <ChevronRight className='h-4 w-4' />
+                  </Button>
+                </div>
+              </div>
+            )}
+
             {rows.length > 0 ? (
               <>
                 <div className='hidden md:block'>
@@ -257,6 +268,7 @@ export function TemporaryBalances({
                         <TableHead className='text-right'>
                           Total Requests
                         </TableHead>
+                        <TableHead>Created</TableHead>
                         <TableHead>Refund Address</TableHead>
                         <TableHead className='text-right'>
                           Expiry Time
@@ -264,178 +276,192 @@ export function TemporaryBalances({
                       </TableRow>
                     </TableHeader>
                     <TableBody>
-                      {rows.map((balance, index) => (
-                        <TableRow
-                          key={`${balance.hashed_key}-${balance.parent_key_hash ?? 'root'}-${index}`}
-                          className={cn(
-                            balance.balance === 0 &&
-                              !balance.isChild &&
-                              'opacity-60',
-                            balance.isChild && 'bg-muted/30'
-                          )}
-                        >
-                          <TableCell className='max-w-[16rem] font-mono text-xs break-all whitespace-normal'>
-                            <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
-                              {balance.isChild && (
-                                <Badge
-                                  variant='outline'
-                                  className='h-4 px-1 text-[10px] uppercase'
-                                >
-                                  Child
-                                </Badge>
-                              )}
-                              <span>{balance.hashed_key}</span>
-                            </div>
-                          </TableCell>
-                          <TableCell className='text-right font-mono'>
-                            {balance.isChild ? (
-                              <span className='text-muted-foreground italic'>
-                                (Parent)
-                              </span>
-                            ) : (
-                              formatBalance(balance.balance)
+                      {rows.map((balance, index) => {
+                        const isChild = Boolean(balance.parent_key_hash);
+                        return (
+                          <TableRow
+                            key={`${balance.hashed_key}-${balance.parent_key_hash ?? 'root'}-${index}`}
+                            className={cn(
+                              balance.balance === 0 && !isChild && 'opacity-60',
+                              isChild && 'bg-muted/30'
                             )}
-                          </TableCell>
-                          <TableCell className='text-right font-mono'>
-                            {formatBalance(balance.total_spent)}
-                          </TableCell>
-                          <TableCell className='text-right font-mono'>
-                            {balance.total_requests.toLocaleString()}
-                          </TableCell>
-                          <TableCell className='max-w-[14rem] font-mono text-xs break-all whitespace-normal'>
-                            {balance.refund_address || '-'}
-                          </TableCell>
-                          <TableCell className='text-right font-mono text-xs'>
-                            {balance.key_expiry_time ? (
-                              <div className='inline-flex items-center justify-end gap-1'>
-                                <Clock className='h-3 w-3' />
-                                <span>
-                                  {new Date(
-                                    balance.key_expiry_time * 1000
-                                  ).toLocaleDateString()}
-                                </span>
+                          >
+                            <TableCell className='max-w-[16rem] font-mono text-xs break-all whitespace-normal'>
+                              <div className='flex items-center gap-2'>
+                                {isChild && (
+                                  <Badge
+                                    variant='outline'
+                                    className='h-4 px-1 text-[10px] uppercase'
+                                  >
+                                    Child
+                                  </Badge>
+                                )}
+                                <span>{balance.hashed_key}</span>
                               </div>
-                            ) : (
-                              '-'
-                            )}
-                          </TableCell>
-                        </TableRow>
-                      ))}
+                            </TableCell>
+                            <TableCell className='text-right font-mono'>
+                              {isChild ? (
+                                <span className='text-muted-foreground italic'>
+                                  (Parent)
+                                </span>
+                              ) : (
+                                formatBalance(balance.balance)
+                              )}
+                            </TableCell>
+                            <TableCell className='text-right font-mono'>
+                              {formatBalance(balance.total_spent)}
+                            </TableCell>
+                            <TableCell className='text-right font-mono'>
+                              {balance.total_requests.toLocaleString()}
+                            </TableCell>
+                            <TableCell className='font-mono text-xs whitespace-nowrap'>
+                              {formatCreatedAt(balance.created_at)}
+                            </TableCell>
+                            <TableCell className='max-w-[14rem] font-mono text-xs break-all whitespace-normal'>
+                              {balance.refund_address || '-'}
+                            </TableCell>
+                            <TableCell className='text-right font-mono text-xs'>
+                              {balance.key_expiry_time ? (
+                                <div className='inline-flex items-center justify-end gap-1'>
+                                  <Clock className='h-3 w-3' />
+                                  <span>
+                                    {new Date(
+                                      balance.key_expiry_time * 1000
+                                    ).toLocaleDateString()}
+                                  </span>
+                                </div>
+                              ) : (
+                                '-'
+                              )}
+                            </TableCell>
+                          </TableRow>
+                        );
+                      })}
                     </TableBody>
                   </Table>
                 </div>
 
                 <div className='space-y-2 md:hidden'>
-                  {rows.map((balance, index) => (
-                    <Card
-                      key={`${balance.hashed_key}-${balance.parent_key_hash ?? 'root'}-mobile-${index}`}
-                      className={cn(
-                        balance.balance === 0 &&
-                          !balance.isChild &&
-                          'opacity-80',
-                        balance.isChild && 'bg-muted/30'
-                      )}
-                    >
-                      <CardHeader className='p-4 pb-2'>
-                        <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-2'>
-                          <CardDescription className='font-mono text-xs break-all'>
-                            {balance.hashed_key}
-                          </CardDescription>
-                          {balance.isChild && (
-                            <Badge
-                              variant='outline'
-                              className='h-4 px-1.5 text-[10px] uppercase'
-                            >
-                              Child
-                            </Badge>
-                          )}
-                        </div>
-                      </CardHeader>
-                      <CardContent className='grid grid-cols-2 gap-3 p-4 pt-0'>
-                        <div>
-                          <p className='text-muted-foreground text-xs'>
-                            Balance
-                          </p>
-                          <p className='font-mono text-sm'>
-                            {balance.isChild
-                              ? '(Uses Parent)'
-                              : formatBalance(balance.balance)}
-                          </p>
-                        </div>
-                        <div>
-                          <p className='text-muted-foreground text-xs'>Spent</p>
-                          <p className='font-mono text-sm'>
-                            {formatBalance(balance.total_spent)}
-                          </p>
-                        </div>
-                        <div>
-                          <p className='text-muted-foreground text-xs'>
-                            Requests
-                          </p>
-                          <p className='font-mono text-sm'>
-                            {balance.total_requests.toLocaleString()}
-                          </p>
-                        </div>
-                        <div>
-                          <p className='text-muted-foreground text-xs'>
-                            Expires
-                          </p>
-                          <p className='font-mono text-xs'>
-                            {balance.key_expiry_time ? (
-                              <span className='inline-flex items-center gap-1'>
-                                <Clock className='h-3 w-3' />
-                                {new Date(
-                                  balance.key_expiry_time * 1000
-                                ).toLocaleDateString()}
-                              </span>
-                            ) : (
-                              '-'
+                  {rows.map((balance, index) => {
+                    const isChild = Boolean(balance.parent_key_hash);
+                    return (
+                      <Card
+                        key={`${balance.hashed_key}-${balance.parent_key_hash ?? 'root'}-mobile-${index}`}
+                        className={cn(
+                          balance.balance === 0 && !isChild && 'opacity-80',
+                          isChild && 'bg-muted/30'
+                        )}
+                      >
+                        <CardHeader className='p-4 pb-2'>
+                          <div className='flex items-center justify-between gap-2'>
+                            <CardDescription className='font-mono text-xs break-all'>
+                              {balance.hashed_key}
+                            </CardDescription>
+                            {isChild && (
+                              <Badge
+                                variant='outline'
+                                className='h-4 px-1.5 text-[10px] uppercase'
+                              >
+                                Child
+                              </Badge>
                             )}
-                          </p>
-                        </div>
-                        {balance.refund_address && (
-                          <div className='col-span-2'>
+                          </div>
+                        </CardHeader>
+                        <CardContent className='grid grid-cols-2 gap-3 p-4 pt-0'>
+                          <div>
                             <p className='text-muted-foreground text-xs'>
-                              Refund Address
+                              Balance
                             </p>
-                            <p className='font-mono text-xs break-all'>
-                              {balance.refund_address}
+                            <p className='font-mono text-sm'>
+                              {isChild
+                                ? '(Uses Parent)'
+                                : formatBalance(balance.balance)}
                             </p>
                           </div>
-                        )}
-                      </CardContent>
-                    </Card>
-                  ))}
+                          <div>
+                            <p className='text-muted-foreground text-xs'>
+                              Spent
+                            </p>
+                            <p className='font-mono text-sm'>
+                              {formatBalance(balance.total_spent)}
+                            </p>
+                          </div>
+                          <div>
+                            <p className='text-muted-foreground text-xs'>
+                              Requests
+                            </p>
+                            <p className='font-mono text-sm'>
+                              {balance.total_requests.toLocaleString()}
+                            </p>
+                          </div>
+                          <div>
+                            <p className='text-muted-foreground text-xs'>
+                              Created
+                            </p>
+                            <p className='font-mono text-xs'>
+                              {formatCreatedAt(balance.created_at)}
+                            </p>
+                          </div>
+                          <div>
+                            <p className='text-muted-foreground text-xs'>
+                              Expires
+                            </p>
+                            <p className='font-mono text-xs'>
+                              {balance.key_expiry_time ? (
+                                <span className='inline-flex items-center gap-1'>
+                                  <Clock className='h-3 w-3' />
+                                  {new Date(
+                                    balance.key_expiry_time * 1000
+                                  ).toLocaleDateString()}
+                                </span>
+                              ) : (
+                                '-'
+                              )}
+                            </p>
+                          </div>
+                          {balance.refund_address && (
+                            <div className='col-span-2'>
+                              <p className='text-muted-foreground text-xs'>
+                                Refund Address
+                              </p>
+                              <p className='font-mono text-xs break-all'>
+                                {balance.refund_address}
+                              </p>
+                            </div>
+                          )}
+                        </CardContent>
+                      </Card>
+                    );
+                  })}
                 </div>
               </>
             ) : (
               <Empty className='py-8'>
                 <EmptyHeader>
                   <EmptyMedia variant='icon'>
-                    {searchTerm ? (
+                    {debouncedSearch ? (
                       <AlertCircle className='h-4 w-4' />
                     ) : (
                       <Key className='h-4 w-4' />
                     )}
                   </EmptyMedia>
                   <EmptyTitle>
-                    {searchTerm
-                      ? 'No temporary balances match your search'
-                      : 'No temporary balances found'}
+                    {debouncedSearch
+                      ? 'No API keys match your search'
+                      : 'No API keys found'}
                   </EmptyTitle>
                   <EmptyDescription>
-                    {searchTerm
+                    {debouncedSearch
                       ? 'Try a different key hash or refund address.'
-                      : 'Temporary balances will appear here once API keys are used.'}
+                      : 'API keys will appear here once they are created.'}
                   </EmptyDescription>
                 </EmptyHeader>
               </Empty>
             )}
 
-            {data && data.length > 0 && (
+            {total > 0 && (
               <p className='text-muted-foreground text-xs'>
-                Showing {filteredData.length} of {data.length} temporary
-                balances
+                Showing {rows.length} of {total} API keys
               </p>
             )}
           </div>

ui/lib/api/services/admin.ts

@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ export const ProviderTypeSchema = z.object({
 
 export const UpstreamProviderSchema = z.object({
   id: z.number(),
+  slug: z.string().nullable().optional(),
   provider_type: z.string(),
   base_url: z.string(),
   api_key: z.string().optional(),
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ export const CreateUpstreamProviderSchema = z.object({
   enabled: z.boolean().default(true),
   provider_fee: z.number().optional(),
   provider_settings: z.record(z.string(), z.any()).nullable().optional(),
+  slug: z.string().optional(),
 });
 
 export const UpdateUpstreamProviderSchema = z.object({
@@ -41,6 +43,7 @@ export const UpdateUpstreamProviderSchema = z.object({
   enabled: z.boolean().optional(),
   provider_fee: z.number().optional(),
   provider_settings: z.record(z.string(), z.any()).nullable().optional(),
+  slug: z.string().optional(),
 });
 
 export const AdminModelPricingSchema = z.object({
@@ -50,6 +53,8 @@ export const AdminModelPricingSchema = z.object({
   image: z.number().optional(),
   web_search: z.number().optional(),
   internal_reasoning: z.number().optional(),
+  input_cache_read: z.number().optional(),
+  input_cache_write: z.number().optional(),
 });
 
 export const AdminModelArchitectureSchema = z.object({
@@ -146,7 +151,7 @@ export class AdminService {
     if (!pricing) return pricing;
     const result = { ...pricing };
 
-    // Only prompt and completion are per-token and need scaling to per-1M
+    // Token-priced fields are stored per-token by the API and shown per-1M in the UI.
     const convertField = (field: string) => {
       const val = result[field];
       if (val !== undefined && val !== null) {
@@ -161,6 +166,8 @@ export class AdminService {
 
     convertField('prompt');
     convertField('completion');
+    convertField('input_cache_read');
+    convertField('input_cache_write');
 
     // Other fields (request, image, etc.) are already flat fees (per item)
     // so we do NOT scale them.
@@ -174,7 +181,7 @@ export class AdminService {
     if (!pricing) return pricing;
     const result = { ...pricing };
 
-    // Only prompt and completion are per-1M in UI and need scaling down to per-token
+    // Token-priced fields are per-1M in the UI and need scaling down to per-token.
     const convertField = (field: string) => {
       const val = result[field];
       if (val !== undefined && val !== null) {
@@ -187,6 +194,8 @@ export class AdminService {
 
     convertField('prompt');
     convertField('completion');
+    convertField('input_cache_read');
+    convertField('input_cache_write');
 
     // Other fields stay as flat fees
 
@@ -831,9 +840,18 @@ export class AdminService {
     return await apiClient.get<{ dates: string[] }>('/admin/api/logs/dates');
   }
 
-  static async getTemporaryBalances(): Promise<TemporaryBalance[]> {
-    return await apiClient.get<TemporaryBalance[]>(
-      '/admin/api/temporary-balances'
+  static async getTemporaryBalances(
+    search?: string,
+    limit: number = 50,
+    offset: number = 0
+  ): Promise<TemporaryBalancesResponse> {
+    const params = new URLSearchParams();
+    if (search) params.append('search', search);
+    params.append('limit', limit.toString());
+    params.append('offset', offset.toString());
+
+    return await apiClient.get<TemporaryBalancesResponse>(
+      `/admin/api/temporary-balances?${params.toString()}`
     );
   }
 
@@ -1034,10 +1052,21 @@ export const TemporaryBalanceSchema = z.object({
   refund_address: z.string().nullable(),
   key_expiry_time: z.number().nullable(),
   parent_key_hash: z.string().nullable().optional(),
+  created_at: z.number().nullable().optional(),
 });
 
 export type TemporaryBalance = z.infer<typeof TemporaryBalanceSchema>;
 
+export interface TemporaryBalancesResponse {
+  balances: TemporaryBalance[];
+  total: number;
+  totals: {
+    total_balance: number;
+    total_spent: number;
+    total_requests: number;
+  };
+}
+
 export interface UsageMetricData {
   timestamp: string;
   total_requests: number;

uv.lock

@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ wheels = [
 
 [[package]]
 name = "aiohttp"
-version = "3.12.15"
+version = "3.14.1"
 source = { registry = "https://pypi.org/simple" }
 dependencies = [
     { name = "aiohappyeyeballs" },
@@ -26,61 +26,111 @@ dependencies = [
     { name = "frozenlist" },
     { name = "multidict" },
     { name = "propcache" },
+    { name = "typing-extensions", marker = "python_full_version < '3.13'" },
     { name = "yarl" },
 ]
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